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Dear Frank</div>
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Thanks for putting so much time into considering how this might be done, and fairly to all concerned. </div>
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<span style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">Here is a practical example. Tomorrow I am heading east and will be visiting Dushanbe where we will try to find stoves that rural people can use to heat their homes. Candidate technologies
will be lab tested before selection. It will be my job to define the test. It has to (not maybe, or sometimes) predict future performance under field conditions, meaning average or typical use. We don't need an accurate prediction of any particular home's
performance, but it has to be population-representative. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">The fuels they use are cotton stalks, dung, wood and coal. The options are coal briquettes, semi-coked coal, wood briquettes, anthracite and other crop residues.
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<span style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">What will the lab test be like? </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">First I need to know how much heat they need and what their fuelling behaviour is. What is their cooking requirement? Do they bake? That sort of thing. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">Should we test all stoves with all fuels or not? That is my first question. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">Thanks</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">Crispin
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<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word">Dear Crispin,
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<div class="">On Nov 22, 2015, at 9:32 AM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" class="">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Dear Frank</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Given the paper just referenced on this list from Dr Suresh Jain you make a crucial statement that is not addressed by Dr Jain:</span></div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>First we lay down the ground rules. Our clients are the poorest of the poor. Poor quality and hard to get fuel. They cook with a minimum of tasks required. </div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>If this is a reasonable client description? I go forward with we need to 1) complete a task 2) using the minimum quantity of fuel as our goal.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">So yes
in this case thermal efficiency is relative to the amount of fuel used that was provided to the lab.</i><span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">(italics added)</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">The very issue I am repeatedly pointing out is that the ‘thermal efficiency’ is<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">not</i><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>representative
of the fuel consumption. It is representative of the energy consumption.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">The observation that recovered char, which is not all the char, just the recoverable portion according to the definition of the person doing the recovering, could be
used in another stove in the same home. I have prepared an analysis of such a case and will circulate it shortly. It is quite possible that a family could have two stoves in which one produces char and another burns at least someone it. The relevant question
is how to account for the performance of each stove, and the pair as a cooking system.</span></div>
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<div><Frank> I do not believe you should be thinking this way. ONE stove is assigned ONE task and ONE fuel to complete that task. If the fuel is a mixture of old char mixed with new biomass then that is your ONE fuel and we report on a value associated with
that mix. Now we need to control the variables. The stove is chosen and controlled. The task is chosen and controlled (later debate but for this example its the WBT). We control Boxes 2 through 6 (Later debate). For now we need to control the fuel variable.
It needs to be 1) easily measured 2) related to completing the task (I suggest volatile energy) 3) robust so any lab can easily get the same results (not only two labs are allowed to do the tests) 4) and similar or actual fuel located on site of potential
client. All char and energy left is not included.</div>
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<div>If you have another stove that uses the char left. Then you set up the same as above. You are likely not using it for the same Task. If the task requires a secondary burn (not heating a room) then I suggest calculating the energy as above using TGA and
CO > CO2 energy from the fixed matter. For heating a room all the energy in the fuel typically consumed is in the calculations. </div>
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<div>Not the purpose of the lab to determine the <span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125); font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt"> </span><span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125); font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:11pt">pair as a cooking
system. </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">If you read the paper<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032115012216/1-s2.0-S1364032115012216-main.pdf?_tid=ddc9505c-9138-11e5-a09e-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1448211093_2bec190e59e80c0ff7fc6ecc9b8d7f99" class="" style="color:purple; text-decoration:underline">here</a><span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span>by
Dr Jain, it will be clear that his analysis has only included the energy that could be released from the fuel completely consumed. Note that it does not mean the total energy released, because gases may not have been completely burned (the combustion efficiency
is probably less than 100%). So if fuel is missing, then it is assumed to have been burned completely, according to the formula in the WBT. That is one ‘thermal efficiency’. If you were designing a stove you might what to know the heat transfer efficiency
(considering the heat actually released) or the thermal efficiency (taking unburned CO and H2 to be a loss) or the energy efficiency, being the energy removed from the forest, all compared with the energy delivered into the pot.</span></div>
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<div><Frank> For our purpose of coming up with a list of stoves and their efficiencies for comparisons we need a component of the fuel that is directly related to the end results and easily determined in a Robust way. Nothing wrong with hauling out fire, smothering
and separating out char, wood and ash - except it is not robust and variable in results. That is the ONLY reason I am suggesting another approach. </div>
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<div>All the other types of heat transfer, etc. (CO and H as a heat loss and water calculations and LHV) is only for the purpose of research to improve a stove design. Not for comparing the one variable -> stoves. </div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Dr Jain does not address this matter directly, rather discussing in several sections, the mismatch between the lab tests (which report the dry fuel mass equivalent of
the energy that could theoretically have been released) and the KPT which is an observation test of family behaviour relating to fuel consumption from the available resource. The Berkeley CCT is also discussed but not the differences in the formulas used
to calculate the thermal efficiency (the WBT and CCT gives different answers for the same input data because the formulae are not the same).</span></div>
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<div><Frank> KPT and CCT is more on how the stove chosen works into the family life. Not assigning an efficiency value to each stove for comparison. </div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>And where fuel is in very short supply (as in this example) thermal efficiency value is very important when picking the stove that uses less of the type of fuel received to do the same task.</div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Well, the combustion efficiency is important, as is the completeness of combustion of the fuel. If a stove doesn’t burn the fuel if consumes, the ash will be full of
unburned bits and pieces. Which measure constitutes ‘fuel consumption’? The fuel consumed, or the energy released from the fuel consumed?</span></div>
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<div><Frank> Look at this in real life. Short supply of fuel and a task to complete. The cook will use just enough fuel to complete the task trying not to waste any with left over sticks. That is what the lab will do. Example might be to bring 7 liters to a
boil, boil for one hour and adding no more fuel, keep the secondary fire going as long as you can. When it goes out, or the temperature in the pot goes down a degree the time stops and task completed. What ever fuel you added to the stove is counted. Left
over fuel is wasted. So you determine the energy of the volatiles and the CO -> CO2 energy as input. Predetermined so all you need is the weight of fuel. And later someone on site can equate that weight to what ever criteria they want (loads, trips, hazards,
prep work, etc). </div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">This is a very practical question.</span></div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>Remember: This is a test method that is run in labs all over the World and results used in comparison. </div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Which test is that? There is no test that is used all over the world. India and China, in full knowledge of the existence and content of the WBT, have not used it, preferring
to develop their own protocols that quite frankly, avoid many of the obvious mathematical and conceptual errors in the WBT. It is interesting that Dr Jain’s paper does not cite to any of the published critical analysis of popular test methods in all these
countries.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<div><Frank> Its all in my dream World. </div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>FIELD Fuel consumption cannot be determined in the lab. If the stove takes in sticks 3c m diameter and 10 cm long the rest of the biomass from the tree is wasted. And we need to get Box 1 through Box 6 taken
care of and under control if we are ever going to have labs around the World testing stoves. That so they can be tested at a reasonable cost and we can get lots of stoves in the list to compare. (our goal)</div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Field fuel consumption observations have many valuable facts to contribute such as co-firing, fire maintenance when there is no cooking going on, and many other things,
and these can be used to inform lab tests so that what is done in the lab can reflect field conditions as closely as possible. This is done with everything from hair dryers to photocopiers – so why not stoves?<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<div><Frank> The lab tests one stove for one task using one fuel. Thats it. Its Paul’s job to design a stove to that will be tested to reflect field conditions. If he does a better job than someone else his stove is chosen over the others. As long as the selection
of stoves to pick from all have similar and good efficiency values its then up to sales, manufacturing, KPT, CCT etc. The lab results determine if the stove has qualities that will allow it to be included in the list. </div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>That is why there needs to be a collection and inventory of possible biofuels from an area. Then a request for stoves using the available fuels (already in a list). </div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">This is a very practical step. If you wanted to know how a stove will perform in a certain area with certain fuels, it has to be tested with relevant fuels. Reason?
The fuel, size, preparation and moisture has a strong influence on performance. There is no ‘universal test’ that will tell you anything useful about how a stove will perform in a given situation. The strange thing is that people are testing in the lab in
a manner completely different from use in the target area, then picking ‘winners’ and then going into the field to check the ‘real emissions’ and performance. What’s up with that?</span></div>
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<div><Frank> Fuel size, moisture, and preparation is all described in the fuel test and assigned due to field crew listing what is available and providing that to the lab and the request of the stove designer what fuel he wants to be used during testing. </div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" class="" style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">The confusing thing is when the fuel saving is overstated because people report some proxy for the heat transfer efficiency instead of the energy consumption (represented
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<div><Frank> Fuel savings measurements is not a Lab Thing. Its a Field Thing.</div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>Perhaps I am missing something here? </div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">></span>Stove testing in labs we can only do heat transfer efficiency HTE.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">That is not correct. By simply observing the quantity of raw fuel needed to complete each test you have the fuel consumption. That has an energy equivalence. That is
the energy consumption. There are electrical meters that check the electricity consumption (kWh) of electrical stoves. This is not a new concept. Total energy in, energy delivered to the pot.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<div><Frank> Electrical consumption is a reproducible measure. The small size of fuel sample used during a lab test will not come close to adequately determine what is done in the field over a month time. Based on a kilogram of fuel we can blow it up to a month
worth of fuel for a very rough estimate. </div>
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<span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)">>…</span>It seems we no longer want labs around the World to test stoves and open the selection to many more stove designers? <span class="" style="color:rgb(31,73,125)"></span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">I certainly an open to all sorts of new stoves and test many of them including prototypes. The labs frequently give advice on how to improve the stoves – free – because
we want successes, and many more of them.<span class="x_Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div>
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<div><Frank> Not the job to give advice but they are in a good position to do so. And they can be assigned to do research for that purpose. </div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Suppose you have a car with a leaking fuel tank. Everywhere you drive, fuel leaks onto the road. Is the vehicle’s fuel consumption the amount that you put into the tank
each week, or the amount that gets burned by the engine, discounting the leaks because it wasn’t burned?</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">In theory another guy could drive behind with a long pole and a bucket, catching the leaked fuel and use in in their car. Quite possible. But it would not reduce the
amount of fuel you have to put into your car. Agreed?</span></div>
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<div><Frank> Yep. Two tests for $ / gallon. The first car and the second car. The second car will be cheaper to drive. Same as your second stove cutting less trees. But Two separate tests. </div>
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<div>Regards</div>
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<div>Frank</div>
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<div>Frank Shields</div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Regards</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; color:rgb(31,73,125)">Crispin</span></div>
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