<html>
  <head>
    <meta content="text/html; charset=windows-1252"
      http-equiv="Content-Type">
  </head>
  <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
    Ahhh, but you <i>can</i> go wrong....<br>
    <br>
      What if one "quenches" the end-of-batch char with a sound dousing
    of H2O, and that sopping wet (DAF) carbon is found to "still have
    hydrogen and lots of oxygen left indicating not a good biochar" (due
    to some volatiles)?  This (DAF) carbon might <u><i>not</i></u> be
    very suitable for char cookin' anymore, which could bring us back
    down to a lower "efficiency" -- 0% in the case where one does not
    "use the pyrolysis gases for something" (cooking, heating [CHC, CHB,
    CHP, CHPB]), ...or, at least to a value that would be something
    approaching the "heat transfer efficiency" of flame --> pot
    --> water/food/load due to the <i>use</i> of the pyrolysis gases
    that were liberated during the pyrolysis process (expressed as a
    ratio of the initial total energy of the biomass fuel (dry weight)).<br>
    <br>
     I suppose this is where the confusion / debate comes, since not
    everyone applies a "value" to the char ~ or at least not to the
    Energy (equivalency) of the char that is produced [whether or not it
    could be considered valuable "biochar" or "fuel for producing
    additional biochar... or energy").<br>
    <br>
    Regards,<br>
    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">  Lloyd Helferty, Engineering Technologist
  Principal, Biochar Consulting (Canada)
  <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.biochar-consulting.ca">www.biochar-consulting.ca</a>
  Earth Stewardship consultant, Passive Remediation Systems Ltd. (PRSI)
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.prsi.ca/">http://www.prsi.ca/</a>
  Promotions Manager, Climate Smart Agriculture Youth Network (CSAYN)
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://csayouthnetwork.wordpress.com/">http://csayouthnetwork.wordpress.com/</a>
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/">http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/</a>
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.linkedin.com/grp/home?gid=6756248">https://www.linkedin.com/grp/home?gid=6756248</a>
  48 Suncrest Blvd, Thornhill, ON, Canada
  905-707-8754
  CELL: 647-886-8754
     Skype: lloyd.helferty
  Co-manager, Sustainable Agriculture Group
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Sustainable-Agriculture-3866458">http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Sustainable-Agriculture-3866458</a>
  Steering Committee coordinator
  Canadian Biochar Initiative (CBI)
  Community Sustainability (CoSWoG), A working group of Science for Peace
  was: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.scienceforpeace.ca/currents/">http://www.scienceforpeace.ca/currents/</a>
  President, Co-founder & CBI Liaison, Biochar-Ontario
  Manager, Biochar Offsets Group:
           <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups?home=&gid=2446475">http://www.linkedin.com/groups?home=&gid=2446475</a>
   Advisory Committee Member, IBI
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=1404717">http://www.linkedin.com/groups?gid=1404717</a>
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=42237506675">http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=42237506675</a>
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://groups.google.com/group/biochar-ontario">http://groups.google.com/group/biochar-ontario</a>
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.meetup.com/biocharontario/">http://www.meetup.com/biocharontario/</a>
  <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.biocharontario.ca">http://www.biocharontario.ca</a>
   <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.biochar.ca">www.biochar.ca</a>

"Start loving the people in your life more unconditionally and relating to them more conditionally."
 - Wm. Paul Young</pre>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 2015-11-25 3:49 PM, Frank Shields
      wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
      cite="mid:4AE1B84F-8AB3-4CE9-B324-08D36DB45FD2@cruzio.com"
      type="cite">
      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
        charset=windows-1252">
      Dear Ron and Stovers,
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">My interest is controlling the fuel. This done by 1)
        collecting fuel like that being used in real World and 2)
        normalizing the energy value going to the secondary by using
        pyrolyze gases + (CO -> CO2) values. </div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">I cannot determine any energy efficiency values
        because this is just one side of the equation. And you do not
        supply me with the values of this one side as I need them. </div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">The value I am proposing is only useful for energy
        traveling to another location - secondary. Making char does not
        require energy, in fact it waste energy. And (bio-)char does not
        have useful energy, in fact the energy is locked up and cannot
        be used by soil microbes for 1000 years. So what I propose is
        not applicatable to what you are talking about and not intended
        to be so. </div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Your (bio-)char (not charcoal used for cooking) is
        not ‘energy’ locked up but should be referred to as carbon.
        Following the total carbon in the feedstock; separating it into
        available carbon and non-available carbon (TGA) for optimum then
        determining the amount actually made from your char-maker is
        more to what you want. And that being your efficiency values. </div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">But in a World that is connecting fuel energy
        producing non-available carbon (biochar) and that biochar is
        made >90% carbon (DAF) I guess it would be ok to assign
        non-available carbon with an energy value and use in
        calculations. Lets see if we can do that:</div>
      <div class="">1) we need total energy of the biomass fuel (dry
        weight)</div>
      <div class="">2) using TGA we need energy of the total char (DAF) </div>
      <div class="">We assume the char (DAF) is 90+% carbon and assign
        that an energy value.</div>
      <div class="">3) We determine energy of the pyrolysis gases (total
        - char)</div>
      <div class=""> 4) So thats the total maximum amount of energy
        assigned to biochar that should be produced in your devise. </div>
      <div class="">5) You run YOUR device and produce biochar. Ash  a
        subsample to determine the weight of biochar (DAF). Assign an
        energy value to it based on biochar (DAF) being >90% carbon. </div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Now you can calculate the efficiency of your device
        at producing biochar.</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Note: If you have wood (dry) and you use the
        pyrolysis gases for something, you use the CO->CO2 gases for
        something and use the (Bio-)char left over for something then
        100% of the energy in the wood is always used. You are left with
        efficiency determinations found (compared to that determined by
        TGA) for making biochar. But if making biochar is found less
        than expected so to be not very efficient then the non-biochar
        gases (CO -> CO2) went to join the pyrolysis gases and it
        still always = all adds up to 100%. You can’t go wrong!</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Where you can go wrong is if after making the
        biochar you test it to see if it still has hydrogen and lots of
        oxygen left indicating not a good biochar and it is then wasted.
        This is bad.</div>
      <div class="">But if still good for char cooking (due to some
        volatiles) you are now back to 100% efficiency. You can’t go
        wrong!</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">100% efficiency every time!</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Love it!</div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class="">Frank </div>
      <br>
      <div class=""><br class="">
      </div>
      <div class=""><br class="">
        <div>
          <blockquote type="cite" class="">
            <div class="">On Nov 25, 2015, at 8:52 AM, Ronal W. Larson
              wrote:</div>
            <br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
            <div class="">
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Paul,
                Brian, and lists:</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">   </span>1.
                 Thanks to both Paul and Brian (their messages below).
                 Brian’s is a nice comparison to CHP.  The efficiency
                for CHP is always taken as the sum of the separate power
                and heat.  Using the waste heat is clearly to everyone’s
                advantage (save companies selling less fuel).   Biochar
                literature has tacked on a B to discuss combined heat,
                power and biochar as CHPB.  There is a considerable
                difference from CHP in that the B = biochar competes
                with the H and P.  More B means less of both H and P.
                 But the terms are all (necessarily) measured in energy
                terms.  What other units could be used?</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">   </span>The
                same seems true for what Brian is calling CHC.  No
                reason not to use this, but an alternative is obviously
                CHB.  If one was producing char only for further
                combustion, then CHC would certainly be preferred.  The
                stoves list will probably use both CHC and CHB
                interchangeably.   Biochar (three sites receiving this)
                and climate (on which this first started) lists will
                presumably mostly prefer CHB.</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">   </span>I
                cannot accept Frank Shield’s arguments below.  He is
                trying to force a false preference between char-making
                or not - when such a choice is not needed.  Both are
                wanted by many if not most stove users.  I again ask
                Frank to express an opinion on which efficiency and
                inefficiency (presumably always inversely related
                exactly) is best.  His reply to me was not used by Brian
                - so readers will have to go back to a message close to
                mine on the 22nd.</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">   </span>I
                similarly reject the arguments by Kevin Chisholm against
                the use of both the third and fourth efficiencies.  Like
                Frank, he offers no answers to my two basic ending
                questions, and (I find) no valid reasons for those two
                rejections.</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">   </span>I
                have added Prof.  Jain again - as it was his comment
                (below) that I quoted in moving this climate thread to
                the stoves and biochar arenas:</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">
                <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                  <div class="">
                    <blockquote
                      cite="mid:ED8DBA5CC1AC4DB7A7732C71CC0650C1@BriansLaptop"
                      type="cite" class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px
                      4px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                      <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" class="" style="font-size:
                        13px; font-family: Arial, helvetica, clean,
                        sans-serif; position: relative;">
                        <div id="ygrp-msg" class="" style="line-height:
                          1.22em; z-index: 1;">
                          <div id="ygrp-text" class=""
                            style="line-height: 1.22em; font-family:
                            Georgia;">
                            <div dir="ltr" class="" style="line-height:
                              1.22em;">
                              <div class="" style="line-height: 1.22em;
                                font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri;">
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em; font-size: small;">
                                  <div id="ygrp-text" class=""
                                    style="line-height: 1.22em;
                                    font-family: Georgia;">
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;">
                                      <blockquote type="cite" class=""
                                        style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px;
                                        line-height: 1.22em;">
                                        <div class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">
                                          <div class=""
                                            style="line-height: 1.22em;">
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">
                                              <div class=""
                                                style="line-height:
                                                1.22em;">
                                                <blockquote type="cite"
                                                  class=""
                                                  style="margin: 0px 0px
                                                  0px 4px; line-height:
                                                  1.22em;">
                                                  <div class=""
                                                    style="line-height:
                                                    1.22em;">
                                                    <div class=""
                                                      style="line-height:
                                                      1.22em;">
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;">
                                                        <blockquote
                                                          type="cite"
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0px 0px 0px
                                                          4px;
                                                          line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <div
                                                          text="#000000"
bgcolor="#FFFFFF" class="" style="line-height: 1.22em;">
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          cite="mid:7EFA90FF-F5E7-428B-A026-F86ECB6D5529@comcast.net"
                                                          type="cite"
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0px 0px 0px
                                                          4px;
                                                          line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <div class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <div class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          type="cite"
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0px 0px 0px
                                                          4px;
                                                          line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <div class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          18px;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          helvetica;">
                                                          <div
                                                          id="ygrp-mlmsg"
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="font-size:
                                                          13px;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          arial,
                                                          helvetica,
                                                          clean,
                                                          sans-serif;
                                                          line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <div
                                                          id="ygrp-msg"
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <div
                                                          id="ygrp-text"
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;
                                                          font-family:
                                                          georgia;">
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          cite="mid:IbIfPJ1QR0CvVCT6izM16A@ismtpd0005p1iad1.sendgrid.net"
                                                          type="cite"
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="margin:
                                                          0px 0px 0px
                                                          4px;
                                                          line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">
                                                          <div class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em; width:
                                                          680px;">
                                                          <div class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;"><i
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;"><span
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          x-large;
                                                          color: rgb(46,
                                                          46, 46);">t<u
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;"><b
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">he
                                                          energy stored
                                                          in the </b></u></span><u
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          x-large;
                                                          color: rgb(46,
                                                          46, 46);"><b
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">charcoal</b></u><span
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          x-large;
                                                          color: rgb(46,
                                                          46, 46);"> </span><u
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          x-large;
                                                          color: rgb(46,
                                                          46, 46);"><b
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">should
                                                          be considered
                                                              </b></u></i><i
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;"><u
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;
                                                          font-size:
                                                          x-large;
                                                          color: rgb(46,
                                                          46, 46);"><b
                                                          class=""
                                                          style="line-height:
                                                          1.22em;">as a
                                                          useful
                                                          energy. </b></u></i></div>
                                                          <div class=""><br
                                                          class="">
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </blockquote>
                                                          </div>
                                                        </blockquote>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                  </div>
                                                </blockquote>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
                                      </blockquote>
                                    </div>
                                  </div>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </blockquote>
                  </div>
                </blockquote>
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">   </span>I
                again urge readers new to this thread to read his
                lengthy scholarly (free) article relating climate issues
                to stoves in numerous ways.</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;">   </span>To
                all - I hope we can hear more on especially the
                inefficiency computations; forget efficiencies.  Also on
                what is the physics or chemistry which causes
                char-making stoves to be more efficient?  Is the fuel
                composition of either/both H2 and O2 important?  
                Another possibility is that it is where the flame
                appears.  Burning char in a TLUD is obviously
                inefficient because the main flame and energy release is
                as far from the cook pot as possible - below the char,
                not above it.</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">To
                Paul - I hope this is what you wanted.</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">Ron</div>
              <div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><br
                  class="">
              </div>
              <br class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans:
                auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
                text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto;
                word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">
              <div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 18px;
                font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight:
                normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto;
                text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform:
                none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">
                <blockquote type="cite" class="">
                  <div class="">On Nov 25, 2015, at 6:52 AM, Paul
                    Anderson wrote:</div>
                </blockquote>
                <blockquote type="cite" class=""><br
                    class="Apple-interchange-newline">
                  <div class=""><span class="" style="font-family:
                      Helvetica; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal;
                      font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
                      letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align:
                      start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: none;
                      display: inline !important;">Stovers,</span><br
                      class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                      18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                      font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
                      orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent:
                      0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                      widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
                      -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                      rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                    <br class="" style="font-family: Helvetica;
                      font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant:
                      normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing:
                      normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start;
                      text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                    <span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica;
                      font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant:
                      normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing:
                      normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start;
                      text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: none;
                      display: inline !important;">The comment below
                      from Brian to one Listserv merits being sent to
                      the Stoves Listserv and Biocharstoves Listserv.  
                      Brian's comments make a lot of sense.   Let's
                      discuss further and see if some "implementation"
                      can result. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br
                      class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                      18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                      font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
                      orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent:
                      0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                      widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
                      -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                      rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                    <br class="" style="font-family: Helvetica;
                      font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant:
                      normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing:
                      normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start;
                      text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                    <span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica;
                      font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant:
                      normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing:
                      normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start;
                      text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: none;
                      display: inline !important;">I hope that Ron will
                      filter and coordinate any such discussions because
                      there are numerous listservs to which the messages
                      need to be circulated at least occasionally.  
                      There should be assistance from the rest of us,
                      especially if implementation is to occur.</span><br
                      class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                      18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                      font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
                      orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent:
                      0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                      widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
                      -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                      rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                    <br class="" style="font-family: Helvetica;
                      font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant:
                      normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing:
                      normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start;
                      text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                    <span class="" style="font-family: Helvetica;
                      font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant:
                      normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing:
                      normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start;
                      text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); float: none;
                      display: inline !important;">Paul</span><br
                      class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size:
                      18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                      font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
                      orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent:
                      0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                      widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
                      -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                      rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72" style="font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Doc  /  Dr TLUD  /  Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD  
Email:  <a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>   
Skype: paultlud      Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website:  <a moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com/">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
                    <div class="moz-cite-prefix" style="font-family:
                      Helvetica; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal;
                      font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal;
                      letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align:
                      start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none;
                      white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing:
                      0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
                      background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">On
                      11/24/2015 8:54 PM, 'Brian Dougherty'<span
                        class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span
                        class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>[biochar]
                      wrote:<br class="">
                    </div>
                    <blockquote
                      cite="mid:ED8DBA5CC1AC4DB7A7732C71CC0650C1@BriansLaptop"
                      type="cite" class="" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px
                      4px; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 18px;
                      font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;
                      font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal;
                      orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent:
                      0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;
                      widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;
                      -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color:
                      rgb(255, 255, 255);">
                      <div id="ygrp-mlmsg" class="" style="font-size:
                        13px; font-family: Arial, helvetica, clean,
                        sans-serif; position: relative;">
                        <div id="ygrp-msg" class="" style="line-height:
                          1.22em; z-index: 1;">
                          <div id="ygrp-text" class=""
                            style="line-height: 1.22em; font-family:
                            Georgia;">
                            <div class="" style="line-height: 1.22em;
                              margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><br
                                class="webkit-block-placeholder">
                            </div>
                            <div dir="ltr" class="" style="line-height:
                              1.22em;">
                              <div class="" style="line-height: 1.22em;
                                font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri;">
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em;">Ron,</div>
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em;"> </div>
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em;">I don’t see a problem with
                                  reporting the higher efficiency values
                                  as long as it’s made clear what is
                                  included in that number. As an
                                  example, combined heat and power (CHP)
                                  plants typically report high
                                  efficiencies because they are
                                  factoring in the energy from the heat
                                  plus the energy from the electricity,
                                  but the name implies they are
                                  capturing both. A char making stove
                                  that is also heating water is
                                  essentially a miniature CHP plant if
                                  you think of the char as the “power’'
                                  output, but it would need to be
                                  labeled as such. It’s a matter of
                                  semantics, but if a unit is marketed
                                  as a char maker or a stove then the
                                  higher efficiency numbers might be
                                  misleading. If it’s marketed as or
                                  intended to be a combined heat and
                                  char maker (CHC stove?) then the
                                  higher number makes sense.</div>
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em;"> </div>
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em;">Brian<span
                                    class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em; font-size: small;
                                  text-decoration: none; font-family:
                                  Calibri; font-weight: normal;
                                  font-style: normal;">
                                  <div class="" style="line-height:
                                    normal; font-style: normal;
                                    font-variant: normal; font-weight:
                                    normal; font-size: 10pt;
                                    font-family: tahoma;">
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;"> </div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em; background-color: rgb(245,
                                      245, 245);">
                                      <div class="" style="line-height:
                                        1.22em;"><b class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">From:</b><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          title="biochar@yahoogroups.com"
href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" class="" style="line-height:
                                          1.22em;"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com">mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com</a></a></div>
                                      <div class="" style="line-height:
                                        1.22em;"><b class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sent:</b><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Tuesday,
                                        November 24, 2015 5:38 AM</div>
                                      <div class="" style="line-height:
                                        1.22em;"><b class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">To:</b><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          title="stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion
                                          of biomass</a></div>
                                      <div class="" style="line-height:
                                        1.22em;"><b class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">Cc:</b><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          title="sureshjiitd@gmail.com"
href="mailto:sureshjiitd@gmail.com" class="" style="line-height:
                                          1.22em;">S. Jain (Env. Engg.)</a><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>;<span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          title="biocharstoves-7xpll@wiggiomail.com"
href="mailto:biocharstoves-7xpll@wiggiomail.com" class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">Entire
                                          Group</a><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>;<span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a
                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                                          title="biochar@yahoogroups.com"
href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" class="" style="line-height:
                                          1.22em;">Biochar</a></div>
                                      <div class="" style="line-height:
                                        1.22em;"><b class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">Subject:</b><span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re:
                                        [Stoves] [biochar]
                                        [biochar-stoves] A review of
                                        chronological development in
                                        cookstove assessment methods:
                                        Challenges and way forward</div>
                                    </div>
                                  </div>
                                  <div class="" style="line-height:
                                    1.22em;"> </div>
                                </div>
                                <div class="" style="line-height:
                                  1.22em; font-size: small;
                                  text-decoration: none; font-family:
                                  Calibri; font-weight: normal;
                                  font-style: normal;"><span class=""
                                    style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </span>
                                  <div id="ygrp-text" class=""
                                    style="line-height: 1.22em;
                                    font-family: Georgia;">
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;"><br
                                        class="webkit-block-placeholder">
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;">Frank et al</div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;"> </div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>Those
                                      of us working on char-making
                                      stoves (a category bigger than
                                      TLUDs ) don’t have the “<i
                                        class="" style="line-height:
                                        1.22em;">don’t know what to do
                                        with” problem.<span
                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>Even
                                      better is that they seem cleaner
                                      and are apt to save time and money
                                      (maybe make money).  The issue is
                                      reporting -  if you feel such a
                                      stove (stove not char-maker) has
                                      merit.  What is your answer to my
                                      two questions?</div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;"> </div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;">Ron</div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;"> </div>
                                    <div class="" style="line-height:
                                      1.22em;">
                                      <blockquote type="cite" class=""
                                        style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px;
                                        line-height: 1.22em;">
                                        <div class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">On
                                          Nov 23, 2015, at 12:36 AM,
                                          Frank Shields wrote:</div>
                                        <div class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </div>
                                        <div class=""
                                          style="line-height: 1.22em;">
                                          <div class=""
                                            style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dear
                                            Ron,
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">If your task is
                                              to make char your
                                              calculations is dry weight
                                              of fuel IN and weight of
                                              char (DAF) OUT. Boiling
                                              water is just something to
                                              do so you can have a cup
                                              of tea while you wait.<span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">If your task is
                                              boiling water and you are
                                              left with char you have a
                                              byproduct to add to your
                                              garden.<span
                                                class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">If you want both
                                              I suggest you place an
                                              importance on each
                                              (percentage of importance)
                                              for the span of a year or
                                              season. Then with each run
                                              you keep track of the char
                                              produced and water boiled
                                              and try to achieve your
                                              percentage ratio. At the
                                              end of the year you may
                                              need to just boil off some
                                              water to get more char or
                                              have left over char you
                                              don’t know what to do
                                              with.<span
                                                class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">Regards</div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">Frank</div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">Frank Shields</div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;"> </div>
                                            <div class=""
                                              style="line-height:
                                              1.22em;">
                                              <div class=""
                                                style="line-height:
                                                1.22em;"> </div>
                                              <div class=""
                                                style="line-height:
                                                1.22em;">
                                                <blockquote type="cite"
                                                  class=""
                                                  style="margin: 0px 0px
                                                  0px 4px; line-height:
                                                  1.22em;">
                                                  <div class=""
                                                    style="line-height:
                                                    1.22em;">On Nov 22,
                                                    2015, at 9:36 PM,
                                                    Ronal W. Larson
                                                    wrote:</div>
                                                  <div class=""
                                                    style="line-height:
                                                    1.22em;"> </div>
                                                  <div class=""
                                                    style="line-height:
                                                    1.22em;">
                                                    <div class=""
                                                      style="line-height:
                                                      1.22em;">
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;">Lloyd
                                                        et al:  Adding
                                                        “stoves - as
                                                        that is where we
                                                        have had a
                                                        similar dialog
                                                        in the past</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>I
                                                        promised an
                                                        example.  Use
                                                        energy of wood
                                                        and charcoal as
                                                        measured to be
                                                        18 and 30 MJ/kg
                                                        - both
                                                        possible.)</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>Assume
                                                        1 kg of wood
                                                        into the stove -
                                                        or 18 MJ. <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>Assume
                                                        water boiling
                                                        away calculates
                                                        to 6 MJ;  
                                                        Effic1 = 6/18  =
                                                        33%  (Some say
                                                        stop here; this
                                                        is a typical
                                                        number for many
                                                        stoves including
                                                        TLUDs)</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>Assume
                                                        (to get easy
                                                        numbers) 26.7%
                                                        (a little high
                                                        but a possible
                                                        number) by
                                                        weight char
                                                        production -
                                                        gives .267* 30 =
                                                        8 MJ in the
                                                        char.   Effic2 =
                                                        8/18 = .444 =
                                                        44%, <span
                                                          class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>Using
                                                        the pyrolysis
                                                        gases in the
                                                        denominator - 
                                                        Effic 3 =
                                                        6/(18-8) = 6/10
                                                        = 60%  (This use
                                                        of the char
                                                        energy in the
                                                        denominator is
                                                        the most common
                                                        way of handling
                                                        char- added
                                                        (60-33 =) 27% to
                                                        the reported
                                                        value of the
                                                        stove - )</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>But 
                                                        I think it more
                                                        proper to add
                                                        the first two
                                                        efficiencies:
                                                        Effic4 = Effic1+
                                                        Effic 2 =
                                                        .333+.444 =
                                                        .777  (17.7%
                                                        bigger than the
                                                        60% value - and
                                                        I think also an
                                                        honest way to
                                                        look at what is
                                                        going on.  Last
                                                        I saw,  EPA did
                                                        not add these
                                                        together, but
                                                        they did report
                                                        Effic 1 and
                                                        Effic 2.  Sales
                                                        people for
                                                        biochar and
                                                        TLUDs are apt to
                                                        add them of
                                                        course.   We
                                                        obviously want
                                                        both numbers to
                                                        be as high as
                                                        possible.</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span></div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>The
                                                        losses are
                                                        18-6-8 = 4 MJ 
                                                        or 4/18= 22.2% 
                                                        (mostly hot
                                                        gases).  This is
                                                        what we should
                                                        be concentrating
                                                        on - not 100-60
                                                        = 40%.  In
                                                        inefficiency
                                                        terms, I claim
                                                        the losses we
                                                        want to reduce
                                                        are nowhere near
                                                        40% - if you
                                                        want both char
                                                        and water boiled
                                                        away.  40% is
                                                        the portion of
                                                        energy in the
                                                        pyrolysis gases
                                                        that we failed
                                                        to capture. <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>If
                                                        we burnt the
                                                        wood (no
                                                        resultant char)
                                                        rather than
                                                        pyrolyze it, we
                                                        might expect to
                                                        have a 60%
                                                        efficient stove
                                                        - but no-one
                                                        measures any
                                                        wood stove that
                                                        high.  Why not? 
                                                        I don’t have a
                                                        good answer, but
                                                        suspect it might
                                                        relate to how
                                                        hydrogen fits
                                                        in.  That is -
                                                        with little
                                                        hydrogen in the
                                                        char, the hot
                                                        gases are more
                                                        hydrogen rich
                                                        with a pyrolysis
                                                        stove.  Better
                                                        heat transfer
                                                        with more
                                                        hydrogen?  A
                                                        hotter flame?   
                                                        Or is the effect
                                                        due to oxygen -
                                                        which also is a
                                                        lower percentage
                                                        in char than in
                                                        wood?   Or both?</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"> </div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>Comments
                                                        appreciated when
                                                        we are striving
                                                        to make char in
                                                        a stove:</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>Q1:
                                                        are the losses
                                                        22%, 40%, or
                                                        67%?</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span>     <span
class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Q2:  Is the efficiency 78%, 60%,
                                                        or 33%?</div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;"></span></div>
                                                      <div class=""
                                                        style="line-height:
                                                        1.22em;">Ron<br>
                                                      </div>
                                                    </div>
                                                  </div>
                                                </blockquote>
                                              </div>
                                            </div>
                                          </div>
                                        </div>
                                      </blockquote>
                                    </div>
                                  </div>
                                </div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </blockquote>
                  </div>
                </blockquote>
              </div>
            </div>
          </blockquote>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <snip><br>
  </body>
</html>