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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear All<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I am seeking solid scientific information on the benefits of adding biochar to soil. I need, at very least, the results of controlled experiments on significant sized plots of yields over several years for at least one crop, with one plot untreated and the other treated, and preferably with three crops and several soil types. I was certain some agronomist somewhere had done such tests, but I have been unable to locate them – all I can find is uncontrolled tests on very small areas, and of very short duration with uncharacterized soils.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Help needed!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Prof Philip Lloyd</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Energy Institute</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Cape Peninsula University of Technology</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZA style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>PO Box 1906<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZA style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Bellville 7535<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZA style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tel: 021 959 4323<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZA style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Fax: 086 778 0257<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZA style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Cell: 083 441 5247<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-ZA style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>PA: Nadia 021 959 4330<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br><b>Sent:</b> 26 November 2015 01:31<br><b>To:</b> Stoves<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] [biochar] [biochar-stoves] A review of chronological development in cookstove assessment methods: Challenges and way forward<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Frank and Julien<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>If you know the pyrolysis temperature is above, say, 550 C, is it true that the remaining char is 'representative' of the fixed carbon content of the fuel? How close is it? What temperature would you say is close enough to give a meaningful fixed carbon number? <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Hirendra Chakbarti is punting a calculation method for ultimate analysis that requires the fixed carbon number. From what I see it requires drying it first because the moisture affects the final dry carbon mass. Still, a mathematical fix might deal with that. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>My specific goal is the fixed carbon content of the original fuel which has a known moisture content, but nothing else save the total mass. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Thanks<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div id="_originalContent"><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Dear Ron and Stovers,<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>My interest is controlling the fuel. This done by 1) collecting fuel like that being used in real World and 2) normalizing the energy value going to the secondary by using pyrolyze gases + (CO -> CO2) values. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>I cannot determine any energy efficiency values because this is just one side of the equation. And you do not supply me with the values of this one side as I need them. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>The value I am proposing is only useful for energy traveling to another location - secondary. Making char does not require energy, in fact it waste energy. And (bio-)char does not have useful energy, in fact the energy is locked up and cannot be used by soil microbes for 1000 years. So what I propose is not applicatable to what you are talking about and not intended to be so. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Your (bio-)char (not charcoal used for cooking) is not ‘energy’ locked up but should be referred to as carbon. Following the total carbon in the feedstock; separating it into available carbon and non-available carbon (TGA) for optimum then determining the amount actually made from your char-maker is more to what you want. And that being your efficiency values. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>But in a World that is connecting fuel energy producing non-available carbon (biochar) and that biochar is made >90% carbon (DAF) I guess it would be ok to assign non-available carbon with an energy value and use in calculations. Lets see if we can do that:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>1) we need total energy of the biomass fuel (dry weight)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>2) using TGA we need energy of the total char (DAF) <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>We assume the char (DAF) is 90+% carbon and assign that an energy value.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>3) We determine energy of the pyrolysis gases (total - char)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB> 4) So thats the total maximum amount of energy assigned to biochar that should be produced in your devise. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>5) You run YOUR device and produce biochar. Ash a subsample to determine the weight of biochar (DAF). Assign an energy value to it based on biochar (DAF) being >90% carbon. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Now you can calculate the efficiency of your device at producing biochar.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Note: If you have wood (dry) and you use the pyrolysis gases for something, you use the CO->CO2 gases for something and use the (Bio-)char left over for something then 100% of the energy in the wood is always used. You are left with efficiency determinations found (compared to that determined by TGA) for making biochar. But if making biochar is found less than expected so to be not very efficient then the non-biochar gases (CO -> CO2) went to join the pyrolysis gases and it still always = all adds up to 100%. You can’t go wrong!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Where you can go wrong is if after making the biochar you test it to see if it still has hydrogen and lots of oxygen left indicating not a good biochar and it is then wasted. This is bad.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>But if still good for char cooking (due to some volatiles) you are now back to 100% efficiency. You can’t go wrong!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>100% efficiency every time!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Love it!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Frank <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div style="position:absolute;margin:15px 0 0 0px; padding-top:10px;padding-right:15px;min-width:350px; border-top:1px solid #ccc;font-size:12px; color: #333; font-family:arial,'Hiragino Sans GB',Tahoma,Helvetica,STHeiti; ">This email has been protected by YAC (Yet Another Cleaner) <a href="http://www.yac.mx?source=email" style="display:block;padding-top:5px; color:#2bafed;text-decoration:none;">www.yac.mx</a></div></body></html>