<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=windows-1252"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>I am not claiming this is typical. But I know of others that have similar outstanding results.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Ron</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Nov 26, 2015, at 7:25 AM, Paul Anderson <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" class="">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> [biochar] <<a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" class="">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div id="ygrp-mlmsg" style="font-size: 13px; font-family: Arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); position: relative;" class=""><div id="ygrp-msg" style="line-height: 1.22em; z-index: 1;" class=""><div id="ygrp-text" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Georgia;" class=""><p style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0px 0px 1em;" class="">Philip,<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">1. I changed the subject line to reflect the topic.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">2. Your request is not of much interest to the STOVES Listserv. so......<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">3. I am sending this reply and your message to the BiOCHAR listserv. Any responses should be send directly to Philip Lloyd<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:plloyd@mweb.co.za" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana;"><plloyd@mweb.co.za></a> as well as to Listservs because I believe that he is not subscribed (yet) to the biochar listserv.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">4. Do not expect to find your answers in a reference book from 2009. Even now in 2015 it will be difficult to find the "conclusive" type of proofs that you are seeking. Part of the reason is that there is so little money into biochar field trials. And SOOOOOO many variables that even good results can be challenged. The status of "proof" about biochar benefits might be akin to the status of "proof" about climate change 30 years ago, or 10 yrs ago., and there are still plenty of deniers about climate change today. Biochar research has a loooooooong way to go. Much work needs to be done.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">5. Personally, I am a "biochar believer" (within reason) and am increasingly active on biochar work. But do not ask me to "prove" it. I am going with my hunches, similar to how I got started with TLUD stoves 15 years ago, and only in recent years is there some noteworthy acceptance. I hope that biochar can have faster results, but there can be only a few growing seasons per year even in greenhouses.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Let's take this discussion to the Biochar Listserv.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Paul<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></p><pre class="moz-signature" cols="72" style="line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 15px; font-family: monospace;">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" style="line-height: 1.22em;">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com/" style="line-height: 1.22em;">www.drtlud.com</a></pre><div class="moz-cite-prefix" style="line-height: 1.22em;">On 11/26/2015 4:41 AM, Philip Lloyd wrote:<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></div><blockquote cite="mid:03c501d12837$294a69f0$7bdf3dd0$@co.za" type="cite" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Dear All<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">I am seeking solid scientific information on the benefits of adding biochar to soil. I need, at very least, the results of controlled experiments on significant sized plots of yields over several years for at least one crop, with one plot untreated and the other treated, and preferably with three crops and several soil types. I was certain some agronomist somewhere had done such tests, but I have been unable to locate them – all I can find is uncontrolled tests on very small areas, and of very short duration with uncharacterized soils.<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Help needed!<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Prof Philip Lloyd</span><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Energy Institute</span><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Cape Peninsula University of Technology</span><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">PO Box 1906<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Bellville 7535<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Tel: 021 959 4323<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Fax: 086 778 0257<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Cell: 083 441 5247<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-ZA" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">PA: Nadia 021 959 4330<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><div style="line-height: 1.22em; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(181, 196, 223); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0cm 0cm;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><b style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="line-height: 1.22em; font-size: 10pt;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stoves [<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" style="line-height: 1.22em; font-family: Verdana;">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>]<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><b style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>26 November 2015 01:31<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><b style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stoves<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><b style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Stoves] [biochar] [biochar-stoves] A review of chronological development in cookstove assessment methods: Challenges and way forward<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></p><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Dear Frank and Julien<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">If you know the pyrolysis temperature is above, say, 550 C, is it true that the remaining char is 'representative' of the fixed carbon content of the fuel? How close is it? What temperature would you say is close enough to give a meaningful fixed carbon number? <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Hirendra Chakbarti is punting a calculation method for ultimate analysis that requires the fixed carbon number. From what I see it requires drying it first because the moisture affects the final dry carbon mass. Still, a mathematical fix might deal with that. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">My specific goal is the fixed carbon content of the original fuel which has a known moisture content, but nothing else save the total mass. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Thanks<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class="">Crispin <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p><div id="_originalContent" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Dear Ron and Stovers,<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">My interest is controlling the fuel. This done by 1) collecting fuel like that being used in real World and 2) normalizing the energy value going to the secondary by using pyrolyze gases + (CO -> CO2) values. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">I cannot determine any energy efficiency values because this is just one side of the equation. And you do not supply me with the values of this one side as I need them. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">The value I am proposing is only useful for energy traveling to another location - secondary. Making char does not require energy, in fact it waste energy. And (bio-)char does not have useful energy, in fact the energy is locked up and cannot be used by soil microbes for 1000 years. So what I propose is not applicatable to what you are talking about and not intended to be so. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Your (bio-)char (not charcoal used for cooking) is not ‘energy’ locked up but should be referred to as carbon. Following the total carbon in the feedstock; separating it into available carbon and non-available carbon (TGA) for optimum then determining the amount actually made from your char-maker is more to what you want. And that being your efficiency values. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">But in a World that is connecting fuel energy producing non-available carbon (biochar) and that biochar is made >90% carbon (DAF) I guess it would be ok to assign non-available carbon with an energy value and use in calculations. Lets see if we can do that:<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">1) we need total energy of the biomass fuel (dry weight)<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">2) using TGA we need energy of the total char (DAF) <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">We assume the char (DAF) is 90+% carbon and assign that an energy value.<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">3) We determine energy of the pyrolysis gases (total - char)<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> 4) So thats the total maximum amount of energy assigned to biochar that should be produced in your devise. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">5) You run YOUR device and produce biochar. Ash a subsample to determine the weight of biochar (DAF). Assign an energy value to it based on biochar (DAF) being >90% carbon. <o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Now you can calculate the efficiency of your device at producing biochar.<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Note: If you have wood (dry) and you use the pyrolysis gases for something, you use the CO->CO2 gases for something and use the (Bio-)char left over for something then 100% of the energy in the wood is always used. You are left with efficiency determinations found (compared to that determined by TGA) for making biochar. But if making biochar is found less than expected so to be not very efficient then the non-biochar gases (CO -> CO2) went to join the pyrolysis gases and it still always = all adds up to 100%. You can’t go wrong!<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Where you can go wrong is if after making the biochar you test it to see if it still has hydrogen and lots of oxygen left indicating not a good biochar and it is then wasted. This is bad.<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">But if still good for char cooking (due to some volatiles) you are now back to 100% efficiency. You can’t go wrong!<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">100% efficiency every time!<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Love it!<o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""> </o></span></p></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; line-height: 1.22em;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 1.22em;" class="">Frank<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;" class=""></o></span></p></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 15px 0px 0px; min-width: 350px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 'Hiragino Sans GB', Tahoma, Helvetica, STHeiti;" class="">This email has been protected by YAC (Yet Another Cleaner)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a moz="true" href="http://www.yac.mx/?source=email" style="line-height: 1.22em; color: rgb(43, 175, 237); text-decoration: none;" class=""></a><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.yac.mx/" style="line-height: 1.22em;">www.yac.mx</a></div><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></fieldset><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" class=""><pre wrap="" style="line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 15px; font-family: monospace;" class="">_______________________________________________
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