<div dir="ltr">Dear Paul and Crispin, <div><br></div><div>Have either of you heard about an organization called <a href="http://followthemoneyng.org/womencookstoves.html">Follow The Money</a>? They are following a $49 million USD project to distribute 750,000 various stoves (LPG and otherwise) and 18,000 wonderbags. (Some interesting photos here - <a href="https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.662360343895129.1073741838.220283568102811&type=3">https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.662360343895129.1073741838.220283568102811&type=3</a>) It would seem that there have been some...issues... with the project so far....<i>' <a href="http://www.connecteddevelopment.org/aftermath-poor-implementation-of-womencookstoves-project-stakeholders-urge-new-minister-of-environment-to-support-local-markets-for-alternative-energies/">http://www.connecteddevelopment.org/aftermath-poor-implementation-of-womencookstoves-project-stakeholders-urge-new-minister-of-environment-to-support-local-markets-for-alternative-energies/</a></i></div><div>Does anyone know how much further along this program has reached and if the rest of the stoves have been or are planning to be disbursed in a more transparent manner?</div><div><br></div><div> </div><div>At the end of Dr Smith's email, he mentions the effects of deforestation - ''North of the red line, deforestation and desertification are serious in Nigeria due partly to fuelwood harvesting.'' </div><div><br></div><div>I would just like add on something I came across recently, <a href="http://charcoalexport.tripod.com/">http://charcoalexport.tripod.com/</a> </div><div><i>''The charcoal industry is a multi-billion dollar industry and a money spinner for interested investors. The United Kingdom alone consumes more than 60,000 metric tons of charcoal annually, out of which about 70% comes from tropical Africa. Other countries around the world equally consume charcoal in great quantity.'' <a href="http://www.proshareng.com/news/Nigeria%20Economy/Charcoal:--The-Unexpected-Gold-Mine-/20630">Nigeria currently ranks second to Brazil in the production of charcoal. The western countries particularly prefer Nigeria’s charcoal, as the country is rich in tropical hardwood, which burns slower and is hotter. Nigeria currently exports 380,000 metric tonnes of charcoal annually.</a></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div>While of course the vast majority of charcoal produced across the Northern dryland strip of West Africa is destined to local and regional cities. It would appear that there is also a huge (far less documented) industry exporting lumpwood charcoal to Europe and the Middle East for BBQ season. This seems most unfortunate to me as it hardly helps a bad situation and especially if the prices of appx. 200euros a ton FOB Nigeria is an accurate average, that seems far too cheap to be able to pay the producers fairly and conducted sustainable forestry schemes. </div><div>Perhaps though there could be some lessons taken from the circular economy movement, if many of these West African charcoal exporting countries are net food importers, the Ghanians seem to have come up with the perfect solution of a type of charcoal that could be exported back to the EU and Middle East for grilling their steaks next summer -<a href=" http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34802143">Charcoal from Lavender Hill</a>. :)</div><div class="gmail_extra"><div><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><b><br></b></div><div>Being from East Africa we have our own issues with exporting charcoal, mostly from the Horn area. Seeing as reducing the charcoal demand is always a good way to start to help reduce deforestation rates, does anyone know of any energy saving stoves/BBQ programs that are being undertaken in countries like the UAE, Lebanon and Oman where so much of East Africa's export charcoal is destined? </div><div><br></div><div>Hope I am not to far off topic, but any light anyone else could shed on this would be much appreciated. </div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div><br></div><div>Teddy </div><div><br></div><div><br><br><br></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Dec 8, 2015 at 12:43 AM, Paul Anderson <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-style:solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
Stovers,<br>
<br>
The message below came from Kirk Smith via his Stove (singular word)
ListServ. So I am forwarding it and (later) some other messages of
interest about LPG for clean cooking stoves. <br>
<br>
LPG for cookstoves was a point of discussion at the GACC Forum in
Ghana last month. Ghana has recently (a few years back) discovered
and is using gas deposits. Discussions included lamenting the
promotion of a fossil fuel LPG instead of renewable biomass. The
counter points include 1) abundant gases that are just being flared
(so use them), and 2) that developed countries should not be
working against the developing countries utilizing fuels that helped
build the West. <br>
<br>
Not an easy or quick resolution. "Stovers" (biomass types, mainly)
need to be aware of such alternatives and issues.<br>
<br>
See Kirk's message below with Nigerian kerosene data. and ask
yourself: <br>
Given that solutions exist (LPG, micro-gasifiers, and more) for the
solving of the clean cooking problems of health and more, What
numbers of deaths (and other hardships) are inflicted upon one's own
people by corrupt government and selfish business interests? <br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<pre cols="72">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
<div>On 12/6/2015 1:54 AM, Kirk Smith wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am just returning from nearly a week in
Lagos where I gave the keynote address at the Nigeria LP Gas
Association annual meeting. (My slides can be downloaded
from the website below – see “Talks.) Spent the rest of the
time visiting LPG facilities, slum and small-town household
kitchens, and the energy people at Lagos University. (I
might note that I used personal funds for the travel)<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The household fuel situation in Nigeria is
quite anomalous by comparison to other West African countries
or other parts of the world. For its level of development,
it has both a high use of biomass (66% -- see pie chart below)
and low LPG use (5%), in spite of being 50% urban and having
the 7<sup>th</sup> largest gas reserves of any country.
Annual use of LPG, for example, is just about 1 kg per capita,
far below the West African average of 4+ even though richer
than the average and having more than half of the population
of the region, thus driving down the average. It actually
exports 85% of the LPG it produces, when there is clearly
suppressed demand in the country.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One reason is the high continued use of
kerosene as a cooking fuel – 27%. ( I do not know of a
country that today has a higher kero use for cooking, but
please let me know of any. Given its size, Nigeria must in
any case contain a large percentage of all kero cooking in the
world) This is due to a heavy long-term untargeted subsidy
for kero and consequent strong entrenchment of special
interests that make billions of dollars from it annually. I
was told that at least 2 recent presidential elections were
“bought” by the kero lobbies. As elsewhere, much or even most
of the subsidy benefit actually accrues to special interests
and owners of diesel trucks because of diversion. (as most of
you know, household kero use has high impacts on health and
climate per unit useful energy)<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nevertheless, there seems real opportunity
for a large-scale expansion of LPG, in two major phases<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">--First to substitute LPG for kerosene
following something like the highly successful effort by
Indonesia to do so starting in 2007. Like there, it would
save the Nigerian gov substantially by eliminating the kero
subsidies, which are bad for health, climate, and economy.
Monthly LPG costs, unsubsidized, are actually cheaper than
subsidized kero If up-front costs can be handled, the
recurring costs of LPG are less that kero due to much higher
efficiency, even if unsubsidized. Like Indonesia, there
would have to be, sometimes painful, accommodation of the
special interests, as well as easing the transition by poor
households through provision of the first cylinder and stove.
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">--Second would be a major expansion of LPG
into wood-using areas focusing first in the north where
massive deforestation is occurring due to fuel gathering (as
well as overpopulation and climate change). See map below.
Perhaps somewhat along the lines of targeted subsidies as is
happening in India. In this case, there would be a serious
carbon benefit with potential international funds to assist.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The optimism that something may happen is
not only due to the rising obvious perversity of the current
situation, but also that the new gov here, the first to
actually directly clamp down on corruption in decades, is
giving most people I spoke with renewed hope for turning the
country around and is focused on such social programs. They
speak of a ~14x (!) increase of LPG demand in 10 years -- from
5 to 50% coverage with a rising population. Ambitious to be
sure, but the kind of effort needed.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Another 115 million more people that could
have clean fuels before too long!. I might note that even
though already the 7<sup>th</sup> most populous country in the
world, Nigeria has one of the highest fertility rates and may
reach 900 million by 2100 (from ~185 million now) and will be
3<sup>rd</sup> largest in the world by 2050. Thus, a good
proportion of the population in the world we most want to
protect from household air pollution, babies and pregnant
women, will be in Nigeria. <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">An even greater incentive to start soon./k<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">p.s. Ethanol is another option as a clean
fuel for which Nigeria has special advantages being a major
producer of cassava, an excellent renewable source. At
present, however, there is not even enough production to cover
food needs and thus no capability to expand into fuel. This
could change with a concerted program, however, although a
difficult case to make in a country with so much domestic gas
reserve and rapid population growth requiring more food each
year.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">p.p.s, Kero lighting is also widely used
because of lack of reliable power in many areas. I was told,
however, that rechargeable LED lamps are rapidly replacing
kero lamps, but I have not yet seen any data in support.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">------------slides-------------</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
deleted during resending: <br>
A. Pie chart with biomass at 56% and LPG at 5 % of Nigerian
household energy.<br>
<br>
B. Map of Nigeria showing wood fuel dominating in the northern
half of the country.<br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nigeria’s cookfuel situation – very low LPG
use in spite of having the 7<sup>th</sup> largest gas reserves
in the world. Currently, 40% of gas produced is flared.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">North of the red line, deforestation and
desertification are serious in Nigeria due partly to fuelwood
harvesting.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">---------------------------<br>
Kirk R. Smith, MPH, PhD<br>
Professor of Global Environmental Health<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Chair, Graduate Group in Environmental
Health Sciences<br>
Director of the Global Health and Environment Program<br>
School of Public Health<br>
747 University Hall<br>
University of California<br>
Berkeley, California, 94720-7360<br>
phone 1-510-643-0793; fax 642-5815<br>
<a href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu" target="_blank">krksmith@berkeley.edu</a><br>
<a href="http://www.kirkrsmith.org/" target="_blank">http://www.kirkrsmith.org/</a><br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset></fieldset>
<br>
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</blockquote>
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