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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-ZA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>“</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The humble candle is a good example of PM formation. Particles exist immediately above the flame, in the clear space, but do not exist 60mm higher up, with no flame in between, meaning it is not necessary to have one to have PM burnout. This can be demonstrated using a saucer and passing it at different heights through the gas stream.” <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I think this is not correct. The candle soot changes its character above the flame, the particles do not disappear. Pyrolysis continues, because temperatures are still high at that point. The products of the pyrolysis become smaller and smaller carbon particles which don’t condense readily – but they are there. That is why “buckyballs”, widely prevalent above candle flames, were missed for so long, and why the Sistine Chapel has needed drastic cleaning every century or so (the arrival of electric lighting should spare the paintings in future). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Prof Philip Lloyd<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Energy Institute, CPUT<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>SARETEC, Sachs Circle<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Bellville<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tel 021 959 4323<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Cell 083 441 5247<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>PA Nadia 021 959 4330<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, March 8, 2016 4:26 AM<br><b>To:</b> Julien Winter<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Inverse Diffusion Flames in TLUDs<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Julien<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This is a most valuable analysis. At the end I was inspired to add something that could be appended. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The draft of the system can be driven by a chimney. For example the Mongolian TLUD's which are among the cleanest stoves anywhere have to be tested with some length of chimney. The manufacturers make no statements, at least no useful ones, about the chimney height. The height is forgotten by most, save the testers. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The mixing and the flame length and the flame sheet and the length of flamelets are all affected by the draft. China tests all stoves with a four metre tall chimney under the national protocol. The average installed chimney height is five metres, or six, it has been hard to say with clarity. Current testing of 16 stoves for Hebei Province at CAU (BST Lab) is using a six metre chimney because that is what was observed in Hebei. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Whatever result is obtained at a given level of draft, it will change if the draft is changed, especially if the pressure changes by 50%. In Mongolia the tests are done with a 2.8m chimney because the typical application is a yurt. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The advantage of a fan is that the pressure can be controlled at will, but the added complexity is a problem for many. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>The humble candle is a good example of PM formation. Particles exist immediately above the flame, in the clear space, but do not exist 60mm higher up, with no flame in between, meaning it is not necessary to have one to have PM burnout. This can be demonstrated using a saucer and passing it at different heights through the gas stream. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Placing a glass tube above the flame that pulls it into the bottom hole can not only pretty much eliminate the PM, it can also nearly eliminate the visible flame. There are YouTube videos of this phenomenon. The additional draft changes almost everything so it forms part of the discussion. Changing the TLUD power level changes the draft which changes the power level which changes the draft...<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Regards <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Crispin <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB>Hi all;<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Here is an interesting article about inverse diffusion flames IDF similar to what we see in many TLUDs:<br><br>Blevins, L. G., Yang, N. Y., Mulholland, G. W., Davis, R. W., & Steel, E. B. 2002. Early soot from inverse diffusion flames. Prepr. Pap.-Amer. Chem. Soc., DiV. Fuel Chem, 47(2), 740-741. <br clear=all><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB><br><a href="https://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/47_2_Boston_10-02_0236.pdf">https://web.anl.gov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/47_2_Boston_10-02_0236.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>I have attached a photo of standard diffusion flame and an IDF of ethylene flames near their sooting limits. (Kumfer, BM; Skeen, SA; Axelbaum, RL. 2008. Soot inception limits in laminar diffusion flames with application to oxy-fuel combustion. Combustion and Flame 154; 546-556)<br><img border=0 width=305 height=440 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D17911.91D42760" alt="Inline image 1"><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><br><br><br>In her article, Linda Blevins argues that soot forms on the outside edge of an IDF, then follows a trajectory away from the flame, and escapes oxidation. In a standard diffusion flame, soot tends to be oxidized in the tip of the flame.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB><br>One common type of syngas burner for TLUDs has secondary air entering the gas burner through small holes. The flamelets arrising from these holes start out as a type of IDF. Syngas rises from below, so the underside of the flamelets should be more fuel rich than the top side (which may be lean). Therefore, soot production in a TLUD burner should be greatest on the underside of the flamelets. If the flamlets coaless to form a sheet of flame across the width of the gas burner, then (most?) soot particles will have to pass through this flame and oxidized to varying degrees.<br><br>However, if we turn down the gasification rate in the TLUD, so there is not a continuous sheet of flame across the width of the burner, is there a change in the nature of soot particles in the exhause gas from the stove? Will there be a higher proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons vs black carbon from a turned down TLUD? Of course, when turned down the mass of soot emitted may not be very high. All the same, this is an example of why we should characterize emissions from stoves over a wide range of power levels when assessing health risks.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Julien. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=EN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB><br>-- <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-GB>Julien Winter<br>Cobourg, ON, CANADA<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>