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Dear John (and Kirk and all),<br>
<br>
I am not an expert on stove testing techniques, but my stove designs
have undergone high quality quantitative testing of CO, PM,
emissions, etc since 2005. Test-results are certainly useful. And
I have visited at least 6 locations around the world that utilize
high quality testing equipment.<br>
<br>
But there is a big difference between having "test-results" that
help us make improvements and having "test-standards" for whatever
reasons they are desired. <br>
<br>
I commend all of those hard workers who are trying to have ISO
standards and "Working Group 2" results. However,<br>
<br>
1. This road seems to be long thus far and that there seems to be a
very very long way to go.<br>
<br>
2. And even when there would be some final agreements, will they
have much impact on or implementation by cookstove makers? Stove
makers include modern businesses with balance sheets and budgets,
and also many many more small-shop artisans.<br>
<br>
3. And there also is the ultimate issue of stove-acceptance by the
users, and that includes the realities of being able to afford
cookstoves that can meet standards. <br>
<br>
4. All the rules in the world will not necessarily assist
impoverished remote people who continue to position three-stones
under their pots. <br>
<br>
Basically, I am an very optimistic person. But my optimism for the
advancement of cookstoves does not include much focus on the
development of international standards for stoves. <br>
<br>
Those people who are strong supporters of international standards
for stoves will certainly be able to cite reasons to justify the
time and the substantial money to create the standards. First they
need to get to that stage. And then we can see about implementation
and impact on stove making. And then finally, (many years from
now) we might be able to evaluate those efforts and expenditures.<br>
<br>
For now, I work to help stove designs comply with good test results,
and I observe and wish-well for those doing the standards.<br>
<br>
Paul
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 3/23/2016 8:23 AM, Kirk R. Smith
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote cite="mid:005401d18507$327f16b0$977d4410$@berkeley.edu"
type="cite">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I
have passed these comments on to my Chinese colleagues who
have these concerns. I might add, however, that the work
presented in the paper, which is part of the thesis of the
first author supervised by Prof Tao, the senior author,
supports the benefits of such international efforts that
engage the most knowledgeable independent stakeholders. A
peer-reviewed article with empirical measurements would, I
should think, be a welcome bit of information informing that
process along with many other inputs to be considered.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Perhaps
China, having had its own methods in place longer than any
other country, can be excused a bit for concerns that
methods and standards being proposed are suited to
conditions there. Also, please keep in mind that journal
articles take some time to come out and information about
such international activities may not reach everyone in
every sector for some time as well. And that China is a big
place – not everyone engaged in stoves will know each other
or be equally connected to efforts elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I
am sure no insult was intended about ongoing efforts, which
indeed are welcomed by all of us/k<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">p.s.
As this subject is fairly arcane to most readers of this
listserver, which has been promised to its recipients as
just that, i.e., not a blog with back and forth exchanges,
can I suggest that those interested in this subject go
“offline”. I am happy to be involved in future emails
directed to those with specific interest. Thanks very much.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Wed, Mar 23, 2016 at 1:57 AM,
Mitchell, John <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:Mitchell.John@epa.gov" target="_blank">Mitchell.John@epa.gov</a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Paul,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Thanks
for forwarding Kirk Smith’s email with the abstract
on a “Comparison of International and Chinese water
boiling test protocols.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">However,
given your comment “<i>It seems that some entities
in the international leadership of clean
cookstoves might be pushing for one test without
sufficient attention to alternative testing
methods,</i>” I want to remind you, and inform
others on the distribution lists, about two things:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">1.</span><span
style="font-size:7.0pt"> </span><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">how
the ISO technical committee (TC285) working to
develop voluntary international standards operates;
and</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">2.</span><span
style="font-size:7.0pt"> </span><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">how
Working Group #2 – which is charged with developing
laboratory testing methods, is moving forward.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">ISO
Technical Committee 285 (TC285) currently has 28
countries participating, and 14 observing, with 10
international organization participating as well.
Here in the US, many of our colleagues are engaged
in the activities of TC285. We have 99 people from
63 organizations participating in the US Technical
Advisory Group – with 33 experts participating in
the four TC285 working groups. All this is to say –
<i>the some entities in the international leadership
of clean cookstoves</i> – <u>is us</u>. It is
your colleagues in the US and around the world – we
are the international leadership developing testing
methods – it is not just one person or one
organization who is the international leader. In
fact, the chairperson of TC 285, the chairs of the
national committees, and the conveners and project
leaders of all the working groups, are responsible
for staying neutral and not pushing a specific
idea. In addition, these leaders are responsible
for ensuring everyone has an opportunity to be heard
and to facilitate a constructive discussion to bring
different perspectives together. Also, it is
important to note that each country gets one vote.
So all the people on the USTAG have merge our
perspectives into one, and that the USTAG’s vote is
just one vote out of 28.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">In
addition to keeping all participants in the USTAG
informed and engaged, EPA and Winrock, with the
support of the Global Alliance and the participation
of TC285 leaders from Germany, Nepal, South Africa,
and Uganda, have worked to keep all interested
parties from around the world informed and engaged
on TC285 activities, hosting a webinar on December
14<sup>th</sup> to update folks on the progress at
the TC285 meeting in Accra that preceded the Forum.
That webinar can be found at </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.pciaonline.org/webinars"
target="_blank"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.pciaonline.org/webinars">http://www.pciaonline.org/webinars</a></span></a><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">
Additionally, you will recall that there was a
session at the January ETHOS Conference where we had
representatives from each of the working groups
report on their progress to date and upcoming plans</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Regarding
developing laboratory testing methods, Working Group
2 is moving forward on two tracks: </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">-</span><span
style="font-size:7.0pt"> </span><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Part
I is a “Standard [laboratory] test sequence for
emissions and performance, safety, and durability”
which has reached the committee draft stage. In
fact the voting on the committee draft has just
concluded and the working group will soon be meeting
to review 68 pages of comments – showing how engaged
the international community is in developing this
test sequence. The purpose of Part I is to provide
a standard test sequence to establish international
comparability in measurements of cookstove emissions
and efficiency. There is a lot of flexibility
within the standard test sequence as well – an
option to test at just one or two power levels
(versus all three), a plancha option, fuels, pots,
etc. So that the standard test sequence still
wouldn’t have everyone doing the exact same thing.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">-</span><span
style="font-size:7.0pt"> </span><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Part
II is a “Contextual [laboratory] test sequence”
which will be used for comparability within
particular demographic settings. The idea is to
attempt to replicate local field conditions, as much
as practical, in the lab. Part II is in the early
draft stage. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">If you,
or anyone copied on this email would like to be
engaged in developing testing methods, I strongly
encourage you to contact your country’s standards
development agency. In the US that is the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), the contact is
Rachel Hawthorne, and she can be reached at </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:rhawthorne@ansi.org" target="_blank"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:rhawthorne@ansi.org">rhawthorne@ansi.org</a></span></a><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> Folks
outside the US can also contact Rachel and she can
direct you the standards development agency in your
country. If anyone has questions about TC285
generally or about the USTAG, please contact me at </span><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:mitchell.john@epa.gov" target="_blank"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:mitchell.john@epa.gov">mitchell.john@epa.gov</a></span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">All the
best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">John</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b>From:</b>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stove-bounces@lists.berkeley.edu"
target="_blank">stove-bounces@lists.berkeley.edu</a>
[mailto:<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stove-bounces@lists.berkeley.edu"
target="_blank">stove-bounces@lists.berkeley.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Paul Anderson<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, March 17, 2016 9:22 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stove@lists.berkeley.edu"
target="_blank">stove@lists.berkeley.edu</a>;
Stoves and biofuels network <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:Stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"
target="_blank"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a></a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [stove] Comparison of stove
testing procedures<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Stovers,<br>
<br>
Below is the abstract of a significant comparative
study done in China. We thank Kirk Smith and his
Stove list (different from StoveS) for the
information.<br>
<br>
Spoiler alert: Here is the punch line from the
abstract: <o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">Statistically significant
differences</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">between the two [China
and Internatonal WBT] protocols indicate the need
for further efforts in emission tests and
methodology development</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">before the release of a
well-accepted international testing protocol.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><br>
Yes. Should we be surprised. It seems that some
entities in the international leadership of clean
cookstoves might be pushing for one test without
sufficient attention to alternative testing methods.<br>
<br>
Note (in abstract) that: <o:p></o:p></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">With longer burning
duration and higher</span> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">power, the Chinese WBT
had statistically higher efficiencies, gas
temperature, and lower pollutant emissions</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
Sure!!! Change the duration and power, expect
different test results!!! <br>
<br>
What is clear to me is that there should never be only
one set of tests. People around the world have very
different ways of cooking. High power in China,
plancha stoves in Central America, two-arm cooking of
thick foods in parts of Africa, long-simmering
bean-meals vs. quick boil of rice meals, and on and
on. The people we are trying to serve want solutions
that are appropriate for their circumstances. <br>
<br>
Observation: There seems to be a slow-down in the
seeking of stove testing at the major testing centers
that have equipment. I can be shown to be incorrect
if any testing centers would give us some statistics
of numbers and types of tests that are being
requested.<br>
<br>
Of course I like the importance of emissions testing
because the TLUDs and other micro-gasifiers
consistently give superior results. But most funding
in the past has gone to less-qualified stoves. <br>
<br>
Paul<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Website: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">On
3/17/2016 1:08 PM, Kirk R. Smith wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">Can be downloaded from
the website below/k</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"AdvTT5235d5a9","serif""> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"AdvTT5235d5a9","serif"">Ef</span>fi<span
style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"AdvTT5235d5a9","serif"">ciencies
and pollutant emissions from forced-draft
biomass-pellet semi-gasi</span>fi<span
style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"AdvTT5235d5a9","serif"">er
stoves: Comparison of International and Chinese
water boiling test protocols</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">Yuanchen Chen, Guofeng
Shen, Shu Su, Wei Du, Yibo Huangfu, Guangqing Liu,
Xilong Wang, Baoshan Xing, Kirk R. Smith, Shu Tao</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;color:blue">Energy for
Sustainable Development 32 (2016) 22–30</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">Ab s t r a c t</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">Biomass fuels are widely
combusted in rural China, producing numerous air
pollutants with great adverse</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">impacts on human health.
Some improved cookstoves and pellet fuels have
been promoted. To evaluate the</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">performance of
pellet-gasifier stoves, efficiencies and pollutant
emissions were measured following International</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">and Chinese water boiling
tests (WBTs). Compared with traditional stoves and
unprocessed biomass fuels,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">increased efficiencies
and lower emissions of pollutants including carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">(PM), parent and
derivative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
were revealed for pellet-gasifier stoves.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">However, the calculated
emission rates (ERs) of CO and PM2.5 cannot meet
the ER targets recently suggested</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">by WHO indoor air quality
guidelines (IAQGs). Better control of air mixing
ratio and gross flow rates of primary</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">and secondary air supply
greatly reduced emissions and increased
efficiencies. Differences among testing protocols</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">are the key factors
affecting the evaluation of stove performance.
With longer burning duration and higher</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">power, the Chinese WBT
had statistically higher efficiencies, gas
temperature, and lower pollutant emissions</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">(p b 0.10) compared to
those obtained through the International WBT.
Statistically significant differences</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">between the two protocols
indicate the need for further efforts in emission
tests and methodology development</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">before the release of a
well-accepted international testing protocol</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt">---------------------------<br>
</span>Kirk R. Smith, MPH, PhD<br>
Professor of Global Environmental Health<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt">Chair,
Graduate Group in Environmental Health Sciences<br>
Director of the Global Health and Environment
Program<br>
School of Public Health<br>
747 University Hall<br>
University of California<br>
Berkeley, California, 94720-7360<br>
phone 1-510-643-0793; fax 642-5815<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu"
target="_blank">krksmith@berkeley.edu</a><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.kirkrsmith.org/" target="_blank">http://www.kirkrsmith.org/</a><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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