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Crispin,<br>
<br>
I and many others are in agreement with your comments. Your
concluding sentence is especially appropriate:
<blockquote type="cite"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">If the term
‘biofuels’ turns out to be used as a tool for demonising solid
fuels, I think we should push back, citing examples of solid
fuel combustors that match or even outperform liquid and gas
burners.</span></blockquote>
But that is not an easy task. And we cannot expect cooperation
from the liquid and gas advocates. All ideas are welcome.<br>
<br>
One idea is to push to have "biofuels" expanded to include solid dry
biomass (used in appropriately clean-burning devices.).<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 5/17/2016 9:41 PM, Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott wrote:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Thanks Paul<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Does this
in some measure explain why Kirk has been saying for years
that solid fuels cannot ever be burned cleanly enough to be
used for cooking?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It remains
one of the strangest positions taken in the field of cooking
stoves. It was repeated in 1999 and many times since. It has
been taken up, with polite wording, by the GACC which
frequently refers to ‘clean fuels and clean cooking
solutions for people who have traditionally been forced to
use solid fuels’ as if solid fuels are somehow inherently
objectionable or ‘unclean’ (haram).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The
implication, as early on taken by Kirk, is that solid fuels
somehow contain inherent emissions that cannot be done away
with. Remember that quotation about the ‘combustion
efficiency of fuels’, by type? I think that is the root idea
behind ‘clean fuels’. There are ‘dirty fuels’ and ‘clean
fuels’ in that world of thinking. There are also ‘clean
stoves’ and ‘dirty stoves’ I suppose.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Picture two
testing teams operating two identical stoves with the same
fuel in adjacent rooms. The results are very good –
extremely low emissions. One team announces, “We have
discovered a really clean fuel!” In the next room the other
team announces, “We have discovered a really clean stove!”<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Obviously
we have a problem accepting either claim. Only a combination
of stove and fuel is clean, and even then, the way it is
operated will still have an influence. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">So what is
the motivation for saying that solid fuels cannot be burned
cleanly enough to be used indoors? Why only liquid and
gaseous fuels? I reported earlier the remarkably clean
burning pellet stove made by a tiny workshop in Indonesia
that has about ¼ of the PM emissions of an LPG stove. Is an
Albasia pellet a biomass fuel or a biofuel? I think that
‘bio’ means ‘living’ and that the pellets are the product of
a living source – trees. In the UK they have power stations
burning biofuels (wood pellets). Maybe they should be
consulted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I agree
that the use of terms passes through fashion and whim, and
it is correct that the biofuels industry wants to be
considered separately from everything else. It is a way of
hogging the subsidies, if nothing else, with legislation
requiring a certain amount of ‘biofuel capacity’ to be
developed, then restricting it in a way that excludes the
obvious: wood and agricultural waste pellets. Keeps the home
fires burning for liquids, as it were.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Recently I
was sent a set of stove tests where the fuel burned was
money – literally. Money pellets! That’s a pretty good idea,
right? Instead of burning old money in a kiln, it is
pelleted and sold as fuel. If it is really expensive, does
it qualify as a biofuel in need of a subsidy, or is it plain
old biomass?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Paul, I
would say that this stoves listserve, and in no small part
your efforts to promote gasifiers, produced some of the
cleanest burning stove products ever seen. As we know,
bioethanol, bioparaffin, biodiesel, bio-plant oils,
biomethanol – all can be burned cleanly under certain
conditions, meaning they are not always seen to be doing
that, but they can. I hold that the same is true for
virtually all solid fuels. First they are rendered into
liquids or directly to gases, then the gases are burned. All
fires are gas fires. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">If we start
using ‘biofuels’ only for non-solid energy carriers, are we
not defeating the cause of clean combustion of wood and
plant-based fuels? Wouldn’t that make it easier than it is
now to demonise wood the way the West has demonised coal,
still widely (and badly) burned in the East? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I ask that
because the campaign against solid fuels is so unreasonable,
so unscientific. Rather than rejoicing at the discovery of
new technologies and techniques that turn easily packaged
solid fuels into combustible and clean burning gas, we
observe repeated references to solid fuels being ‘not clean
enough’, or even ‘will never be clean enough’ to be used for
domestic energy. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">There is a
new move afoot to develop another generation of coal burning
stoves in Asia, possibly two. Testing recently (since the
beginning of this year) at the BST Lab at CAU, we have seen
a number of stoves that ‘go negative’ for a considerably
portion of the burn time. Not as good as the best Mongolian
stoves mind you, but pretty good. Refinement will improve
these further.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">By
‘negative’ I mean they not only produce no PM2.5 part of the
time, but they clean the air of background particles so
their net impact is negative, presuming there is something
in the background to remove. Thus I predict that within two
years we will have coal burning and wood pellet burning
stoves that are overall, negative for PM2.5 emissions during
the whole burn including ignition, provided there is a WHO
acceptable 50 micrograms of background PM2.5 available to
clean from the combustion air.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I think
that is a pretty big accomplishment and it will owe a lot to
this assemblage of stove enthusiasts when it happens. If
the term ‘biofuels’ turns out to be used as a tool for
demonising solid fuels, I think we should push back, citing
examples of solid fuel combustors that match or even
outperform liquid and gas burners.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#1F497D" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stovers,<br>
<br>
The message below from Kirk Smith's Stove List (Not StoveS,
and not a ListSERV where there is discussion) is interesting
reading. <br>
<br>
He is totally correct that in America ( and probably Europe
and elsewhere) the term "Biofuels" does NOT include dry
biomass. <br>
<br>
American politicians refer to "renewable energy" as solar,
wind and biofuels. They NEVER mention wood and other dry
biomass for renewable energy. But so much of our energy
needs is for thermal energy, even water heating at below
boiling point.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<br>
<span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre>Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Email: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Website: <a moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
-------- Forwarded Message -------- <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right"
align="right"><b>Subject: <o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">[stove] 30 years went by quickly<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" nowrap="nowrap"
valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right"
align="right"><b>Date: <o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal">Thu, 12 May 2016 14:27:40 -0700<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" nowrap="nowrap"
valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right"
align="right"><b>From: <o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" nowrap="nowrap"
valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right"
align="right"><b>Reply-To: <o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" nowrap="nowrap"
valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:right"
align="right"><b>To: <o:p></o:p></b></p>
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</tbody>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<br>
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:20.0pt">“~30th
Anniversary Edition” of <i>Biofuels, Air Pollution and
Health</i>. </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:20.0pt"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Nearly 3
decades after publication of the first and still, I
believe, only book laying out the major issues around what
we now call household air pollution, it is available for
free download in pdf – see below and on my website. It
began to address most all of the issues we still struggle
with except, perhaps, the climate angle, which I am coming
to think in any case is a bit of a red herring even though
we also introduced the concept of what is now called
“co-benefits” and made the first measurements related to
cookfuel/stoves in the early 1990s. Unfortunately,
however, unthinking application of climate concerns now
operates as a deterrent in some quarters to embracing
truly clean cookfuel alternatives that have so much
benefit to offer the very poorest populations.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Note, I
have long stopped using the term “biofuels” to mean
biomass fuels, since biofuels now have come to mean liquid
and gaseous fuels made from biomass in most of the world’s
literature and media. Continued use of “biofuel” by some
in our community now serves to confuse things I am
afraid: biomass fuel is a perfectly reasonable term and
nicely parallel to fossil fuel, but most importantly we
cannot fight the now widely accepted use of the term
“biofuel”, which describes fuels with entirely different
characteristics/k</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman
, serif",serif" lang="EN"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://link.springer.com/bookseries/6313">Modern
Perspectives in Energy</a>, (originally published by
Plenum, which was purchased by) Springer </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman , serif",serif" lang="EN">1987, <i>Biofuels,
Air Pollution, and Health</i></span></b><i><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman , serif",serif" lang="EN">: <b>A Global
Review</b></span></i><b><span
style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman , serif",serif" lang="EN">, Kirk R. Smith</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman
, serif",serif" lang="EN">ISBN: 978-1-4612-8231-0
(Print) 978-1-4613-0891-1 (Online) </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman
, serif",serif"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0891-1">http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0891-1</a>”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div style="border:none;border-bottom:double windowtext
2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Kirk R. Smith, MPH, PhD <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu"><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu"><krksmith@berkeley.edu></a></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Professor of Global Environmental Heath<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Chair, Graduate Group in Environmental
Health Sciences<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Director, Global Health and Environment
Program<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">School of Public Health<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">747 University Hall<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">University of California <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Berkeley, CA 94720-7360<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">510-643-0793 (fax: 642-5810)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.kirkrsmith.org/">http://www.kirkrsmith.org/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
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