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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-ZA link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Hi, Andy<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>It is one of the more interesting misconceptions about CO2 in the atmosphere. A typical graph is:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><img width=425 height=393 id="Picture_x0020_9" src="cid:image003.jpg@01D1B761.C9499B10" alt="http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/v1003/images/co2_history.gif"></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>But you will notice it has no zero, so it is rather misleading. The usual value for pre-industrial CO2 is 280ppm.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> If we put the zero in, we get:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><img width=486 height=296 id="Chart_x0020_1" src="cid:image005.png@01D1B761.C9499B10"></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>And now the atmospheric CO2 (recorded in the Mauna Lao data, which is the solid line to the right of this graph) shows the rapid increase after ~1950. Isotopic data shows that this surge is indeed due to the post WW2 boom in fossil fuel consumption. Even the IPCC recognises this - <b><i>Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and <u>since the 1950s</u>, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.”</i></b> (emphasis added).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>As for the horse story, it is recorded in Anthony Beevor’s Second World War (Weidenfeld & Nicholson 2012, p197):<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>“More than 600 000 horses, assembled from all over Europe, just like Napoleon’s Grande Armée, formed the basis of transport for the bulk of the Wehrmacht in the campaign. Ration supplies, ammunition and even field ambulances depended on horsepower. Had it not been for the vast quantities of motor transport which the French army had failed to destroy before the armistice – a subject which provoked Stalin’s bitter anger – the German army’s mechanization would have been limited almost entirely to the four panzer groups.” Try also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>I’m not certain about name-dropping titles – I have several, and in some societies they are reeled off in a perfectly splendid way; in others, neither I nor those whom I meet could give a damn. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Philip Lloyd<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Andy Shirley<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, May 25, 2016 5:06 PM<br><b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] August Stove Camp Fwd: [biochar] Emissions and Char Quality of Flame-Curtain "Kon Tiki" Kilns for Farmer-Scale Charcoal/Biochar Production<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Dear Prof!<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>You should take this issue up with google, not me, because their graphs show a dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide after about 1800. The gradient may have increased after the 1950s. I lack the expertise or tools to determine that, but, really, that's irrelevant. The trend has been obvious for the last two centuries.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Your comments about the Nazis and horses are unbelievable and totally wrong. The Germans were chronically short of suitable fossil fuels during WW11, but whatever they had they used to wage war. Are you seriously saying that the wehrmacht was not a mechanised army? The use of horses was expedient, and that's about all you can say.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>My last gripe is your use of name-dropping titles. If it's designed to intimidate me into silence, I think that's a pretty poor show.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Andy <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Wed, May 25, 2016 at 6:11 PM, Philip Lloyd <<a href="mailto:plloyd@mweb.co.za" target="_blank">plloyd@mweb.co.za</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Andy</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>You say “</span>Carbon in the atmosphere has increased dramatically for 2 hundred years” <span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>This is something of a misconception. Carbon in the atmosphere only started rising rapidly after about 1950, after WW2. Before then, fossil fuel consumption was quite low. People remember Hitler’s <i>blitzkrieg</i> mechanized advances. They forget that when he invaded Russia in 1941, his transport required one million horses. The fields were burned during his advance to deny him forage.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Slightly off topic, for which apologies, but I felt some correction was due.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Prof Philip Lloyd</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Energy Institute, CPUT</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>SARETEC, Sachs Circle</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Bellville</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Tel 021 959 4323</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Cell 083 441 5247</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>PA Nadia 021 959 4330</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Stoves [mailto:<a href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Andy Shirley<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, May 25, 2016 1:41 AM<br><b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] August Stove Camp Fwd: [biochar] Emissions and Char Quality of Flame-Curtain "Kon Tiki" Kilns for Farmer-Scale Charcoal/Biochar Production</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Tony,<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>I am dismayed that you think sequestration of carbon as biochar is a non-starter. I was hoping it was the one ray of sunshine in a gloomy future.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Carbon in the atmosphere has increased dramatically for 2 hundred years. This stimulates the growth of trees (and all plants). If the trees (or other plants) are allowed to be harvested and the carbon released back into the atmosphere, the net effect on atmospheric carbon is zero over a reasonably short time frame. If the tree is allowed to live out its life without interference, the time-frame is extended, but the net effect over a century or so would still be zero.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>The grand use of biochar would extend this time-frame, hopefully, to thousands of years, thus lowering atmospheric carbon in the meantime.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>There would need to be a world-wide ban on the sale of fertilisers, whether chemical or biological, unless mixed with biochar, suitably proportioned and treated.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>I cannot see how a fertiliser/biochar product favours monoculture.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Andy Shirley<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>On Wed, May 25, 2016 at 3:26 AM, Tony Vovers <<a href="mailto:vovers1@gmail.com" target="_blank">vovers1@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Thanks for the information on the Biochar initiative. <o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>In some areas the Biochar and the Stove initiative dovetail, this List Server is great for stove information and support but I did not really find a similar site for BioChar.<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>There is a separate "gasification" list server which seems to partially cover the topic.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:9.5pt'> </span><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:9.5pt'>http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/gasification_lists.bioenergylists.org</span></a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>If there is a better resource please point me at it.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>For stoves it is an important decision in design to evaluate the "value" of any Biochar production and whether char production should be maximized or valued.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>The more I read on the topic of Biochar the more I believe that producing huge volumes of Biochar and burying it in the belief it is good for the environment is a misguided monoculture approach to the topic and I would like to engage more in understanding.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>I wish i had time in August to join both Stove and Char in Oregon but the timing does not look good at the moment.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Thanks to all Stovers for the motivating discussions and support that this list server brings.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Tony Vovers<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><a href="tel:%2B1%20281%207381000" target="_blank">+1 281 7381000</a> (VOIP)<br><a href="tel:%2B62%20%28813%29%203888%209062" target="_blank">+62 (813) 3888 9062</a> (HP)<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>On Tue, May 24, 2016 at 6:47 AM, Paul Anderson <<a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Stovers,<br><br>Ignore if not of interest. It is mainly about biochar, but it relates to char-producing stoves AND to the Stove Camp at Aprovecho on 15 - 19 August, an event that some of you could be attending. <br><br>Information about all of the events in Oregon this August is at <a href="http://www.drtlud.com/oregon-events-august-2016/" target="_blank">http://www.drtlud.com/oregon-events-august-2016/</a> <br><br>Please do NOT discuss biochar issues at this Stoves Listserv. This is a one-time notice.<br><br>Paul<br><br><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Biocharists:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>The recent, peer-reviewed publication about Kon-Tiki flame curtain pyrolysis (cited below) is MAJOR!!!! Congratulations to the authors and everyone involved in this effort.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>One of the six authors, Dr. Paul Taylor, will be in Oregon in mid-August for the biochar events there, including attending the US Biochar Initiative conference where he will probably be a presenter in a session. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>We are fortunate to have Dr. Taylor as a featured presenter and participant at the "Char Production Gathering" on 19 - 20 August at Aprovecho (he arrives one day earlier during the Stove Camp). Attendees of the Char Production Gathering will have the opportunity to participate in discussions and hands-on experiments with Dr. Taylor regarding “Flame Curtain Pyrolysis” (FCP) and the devices that accomplish the task, with attention to issues of <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>size, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>safety, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>construction materials, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>designs (cones, pyramids, covered barrel - C4 kiln, earth pits, etc.)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>labor of operation, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>quenching alternatives, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>fuel options, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>yield of char, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>char characteristics, and <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>possible usage of the heat to offset the expenses.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>ALL participants of the Char Production Gathering must register separately from the regular Summer Stove Camp (which has its own registration). Registration details will be announced soon at <a href="http://www.drtlud.com/oregon-events-august-2016/" target="_blank">http://www.drtlud.com/oregon-events-august-2016/</a> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Paul<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Skype: paultlud Phone: <a href="tel:%2B1-309-452-7072" target="_blank">+1-309-452-7072</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a><o:p></o:p></pre><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><br><br>-------- Forwarded Message -------- <o:p></o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'><b>Subject: </b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>[biochar] Emissions and Char Quality of Flame-Curtain "Kon Tiki" Kilns for Farmer-Scale Charcoal/Biochar Production<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'><b>Date: </b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Sat, 21 May 2016 08:11:35 -0700<o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'><b>From: </b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>'Tom Miles' <a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com" target="_blank">tmiles@trmiles.com</a> [biochar] <a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank"><biochar@yahoogroups.com></a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'><b>Reply-To: </b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap valign=top style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal align=right style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:right'><b>To: </b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><a href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><br><br> <o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154617" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154617</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Gerard Cornelissen, Naba Raj Pandit, Paul Taylor, Bishnu Hari Pandit, Magnus Sparrevik, Hans Peter Schmidt<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Good report on flame cap kiln biochar. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Tom Miles<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>USBI Biochar 2016<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><a href="http://www.usbi2016.org" target="_blank">www.usbi2016.org</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:white'>__._,_.___</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div style='margin-top:7.5pt'><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="100%" noshade style='color:#E3E3E3' align=center></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Posted by: "Tom Miles" <a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com" target="_blank"><tmiles@trmiles.com></a> <o:p></o:p></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=2 width="100%" noshade style='color:#E3E3E3' align=center></div></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td style='padding:5.25pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:7.5pt'><b><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#2D50FD'><a href="https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/biochar/conversations/messages/19424;_ylc=X3oDMTJyN2ZiazhpBF9TAzk3MzU5NzE0BGdycElkAzIyNDM4MDUyBGdycHNwSWQDMTcwNzQxODYxMgRtc2dJZAMxOTQyNARzZWMDZnRyBHNsawNycGx5BHN0aW1lAzE0NjM4NDM0OTg-?act=reply&messageNum=19424" target="_blank"><span style='color:#2D50FD;text-decoration:none'>Reply via web post</span></a> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:7.5pt'><span 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