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<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">Dear Crispin,</span></p>
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style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><br>
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">You point to crucial issues: ownership and
responsibility, replacement of
wasteful methods and introduction of sustainable technologies.
The “African Research
and Technology Institutes for Sustainability (ARTIS)”, I
mentioned, should be dedicated
to these and further challenges, creating millions of decent
jobs per year in
Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Roman","serif";
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</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US" lang="EN-US">In “A Christmas Carol”
of<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Charles Dickens we
can read: “Men’s courses
will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if persevered in, they
must lead,” said
Scrooge. “But if the courses be departed from, the ends will
change. Say it is
thus with what you show me!” </span><span
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font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";
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DE" lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
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Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">Kind regards<br>
Dieter <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 13.12.2016 um 16:48 schrieb Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott:<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">Dear Dieter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">While I
agree that this is the traditional view, it is not the only
view. We should look at the success stories that are not
wondered, and pondered, and discussed over coffee, but at
those where it is working right now.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">I gave the
two examples of Chad and Rwanda. Haiti is not yet a success
but there has been good progress on the legislation and on
the farmer-front. It is not illegal to make charcoal in
Haiti, as long as you planted and raised the tree. That is
the key to getting the ordinary person involved in the
charcoal fuel business.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">All
prophecies about ’30 years’ have failed. It is like ‘peak
oil’ which has been re-told and recast for more than 100
years. The difference is that trees are renewable and oil,
so far as we know, is not – unless the Russians are right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">So let’s
look at Rwanda again. It was supposed to be completely free
of trees already- some years ago. The mountain gorillas were
also supposed to be extinct as the last forest cover was
removed. Rwandans use a heck of a lot of charcoal. Where is
it coming from? The cutting of the forest has stopped. They
are using masses of charcoal, and it is being supplied by
local farmers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">In Lesotho,
the value of a tree is well known. People plant them. Own
them. And sell them, one by one. Last I heard a pine tree
was worth about R300. That sets the fuel price. As in the
Eastern Cape, people plant trees along the margins of the
fields as a fuel crop. The difference between now and ‘then’
is the recognition that a tree has value, and an owner.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">In the case
of Chad, the trees were in ‘everyone’s land’ and they were
easily swept up by commercial, illegal charcoal mafias – no
one could complain because no on owned them. Legislation
placed the ownership of the trees on common land into the
hands of the local village, and the village was permitted to
sell them to fuel industry suppliers (for charcoal or wood).
Immediately, the villages had an income stream and something
to protect, increase, harvest and prevent theft. It provided
a village scale income and all was well, except for the
crooks who used to run the illegal businesses stealing the
entire resource without replenishing it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">So what do
we want? Some want all charcoal to be illegal and are
actually
<i>happy</i> that they production is so inefficient that
they can say ‘it uses 12 tons of wood to make a ton of
charcoal’ because it reinforces their argument that it is a
wasteful exploitation that must stop permanently. But it is
the livelihood of millions of rural poor. Why not do what
Rwanda did which was to have (at least 5) well funded
campaigns to introduce far better methods of making charcoal
with a goal of reducing the input to 3 tons of wood per ton
of charcoal. Overnight the supply of charcoal is increased
by a factor or 4 per hectare of trees. So over the past 10
years Rwandans no longer waste their trees with ancient and
wasteful methods of making charcoal.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">The same
thing could be done in Madagascar, Zambia and Kenya. Is it
on-going? If not, why not? South Africa produces a he amount
of charcoal, There used to be nearly no trees in most of the
country. The province of Mpumalanga had barely any trees 120
years ago. Now it is the centre of a huge forest industry,
paper mills, construction wood, mine poles and charcoal.
What did they do that Zambia is not doing?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">These are
matters of national policy. As long as the poor get no
respect in terms of energy security and income generation,
and as long as there is no legal path to creating a resource
where there is none or little, the problem will continue.
Malawi should immediately develop cooking stoves that
operate on coal – clean burning and efficient, with pelleted
coal (5-10 g pellets) and introduce it as fast as possible
with a 20 year time horizon. They have the coal. This would
give them 20 years to replant their entire forest that has
disappeared because of illegal clear cutting to make
charcoal in the most inefficient possible manner. It might
surprise readers to know that this clearing was not done
over a century, it was done over a very short period after
the old president Banda died. He declared the forests were
not available to the people. The new government said, ‘these
are your forests’ and they set about hacking them down. No
planning, no replacement, and no introduction of better
charcoal production technologies. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">Now they
have to do something to prevent a total disaster which is
the loss of the soil from the denuded hills. It is a crisis
that can be converted into opportunity and restoration, with
a permanent supply of high quality fuel to domestic users.
Processed charcoal pellets as Dr Karve is making are a
wonderful fuel. We can easily be forward looking without
acrimony. It doesn’t matter how the situation developed, it
matters what we do about it when we have the chance. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">In Liberia
charcoal is made from rubber trees which have a short life
cycle. It is a literally endless, farmed supply of trees.
They make money from the rubber for years then turn the
trees from the whole area into charcoal and plant it anew. I
would create what they have on the north Tajikistan border –
forests of walnut trees! They cook and heat with walnut
wood! In Java they cook with teak! I have seen that in
Nigeria too. And the rest of the world is paying dearly for
those resources. We should coordinate these markets a little
better!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext">Best regards<br>
Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Dear
Crispin,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt" lang="EN-US">in
Africa a „billion dollar business“ with charcoal is
established and there it is
<u>not</u> easy to supply it sustainably with traditional
processes, even with improved charcoal stoves. The continent
will lose its trees in the next three decades if business as
usual continues - in many regions earlier, see e.g. New York
Times article: Africa’s Charcoal Economy Is Cooking. The
Trees Are Paying”. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt" lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt" lang="EN-US">Even
if new trees are planted for a tree, cut down for charcoal
production (traditionally 6 to 12 tons of wood for 1 ton of
charcoal), it will take about 20 to 50 years until the
replacement will be effective – if at all. You may find more
information and proposals in the internet e.g. on my paper
“Traditional Charcoal in Africa and Need for African
Institutes ARTIS”.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt" lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt" lang="EN-US">Kind
regards, <br>
Dieter</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt" lang="EN-US"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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