<html><head></head><body class="" lang="en-US" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: initial;"> <div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dear Ron, CPP, et al,</div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Since I might be the anthropologist in question, let me give my own response. It is the responsibility of people who carry out baseline surveys, case studies, and field tests to separate stove product development from assessment of the performance preferences of indigenous cooks and specific tasks particular ethnic communities, classes, and urban, peri-urban and rural dwellers expect or demand their stoves to reliably perform on a daily basis.</div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">EM Rogers devoted a successful academic career to empirically researching the stages by which an innovation is introduced and over a generation more or less is accepted and becomes the new normal (because it is institutionalized). Check out his by now standard text on this subject - <b>Diffusion of innovations. </b><span>He identifies a group of early adapters who are open to new technos. Their number varies by culture, education, income, place of residence, etc. </span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>I recall that it took the development aid establishment in the USA about two decades to recover from WW Rostow's technocentric approach to economic development in the 1960's and 1970's which became the dominant strategy of USAID. See his little policy book, The Stages of Economic Development. He proposed the first stage was to assess the many infrastructural, educational, and organizational deficiencies of the national economy, the next stage was to strategically correct for these short comings thru directed foreign investment and upskilling of hu-man power, and a third stage where innovations were importerd and adapted to local conditions, followed by massive aid subsidized campaigns led by central governments resulting in TAKE OFF into sustained socio-economic development.</span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>Read William Easterly sad book on The White Man's Burden: why the west's efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good (2006).</span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>When Crispin and I developed new technologies for villagers in the Transkei, Swaziland, Lesotho, and Botswana we were very careful not to impose innovative products on the impoverished and often dis-animated villagers who were desperate for progress. We quickly learned that village development is a subtle process of self and collective empowerment </span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>We invited village leaders to co-design all improved technologies we were working on for the purpose of uplifting their lives in ways they recognized and genuinely wanted. We did not inflict innovation on the village people we were trying to assist. All experimentation was done on our expense and at our risk on neutral ground. We only approved the community testing of a new technology once it had proved itself in field workshop settings. The process by which we launched a new technology was painfully slow because it takes time for big innovations in technology and organization to establish themselves in any population. </span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>I am describing a bottom up process of technology transfer. What I like to call bottom up globalization in contrast to technocentric top down globalization which can be technologically empowering but often leads to net loss outcomes and local disempowerment. It is not the technology that is the issue here Ron and Nikhil, it is the way the technos fits the culture of cooking and stove use which is at issue (what grades do the cooks give competing stoves) and who is empowered by the way the stove is introduced?? Whose quality of life was enhanced by an improved stove, by how much, and at what short term and long term costs and losses.</span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>Please do not experiment with the poorest of the poor. Bring the intended beneficiaries into the stove design, assessment, and institutionalization process from the beginning, really before all else. Mark my words: new stove product development without first conducting in depth baseline studies of the stove user/culture of cooking/ethnoscience of fuels/ the fabricators/ marketers is a waste of time. </span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>Otherwise the gap between stove buyer's and users is too great and the next generation of biomass, electric, solar, TLUD, etc stoves gain little or no market traction!</span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span>Cecil the Cook</span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div><div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span><br></span></div> <div style="width: 100%; font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br></div> <div style="font-size: initial; font-family: Calibri, 'Slate Pro', sans-serif, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sent from my BlackBerry 10 smartphone.</div> <table width="100%" style="background-color:white;border-spacing:0px;"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="font-size: initial; text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> <div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(181, 196, 223); border-top-width: 1pt; padding: 3pt 0in 0in; font-family: Tahoma, 'BB Alpha Sans', 'Slate Pro'; font-size: 10pt;"> <div><b>From: </b>Ronal W. Larson</div><div><b>Sent: </b>Tuesday, January 31, 2017 12:12 PM</div><div><b>To: </b>Discussion of biomass; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott</div><div><b>Reply To: </b>Discussion of biomass cooking stoves</div><div><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Stoves] Fuel qualities as the limiting factor, and getting rid of WBT (Was: Frank on helium surrogate)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-color: rgb(186, 188, 209); border-top-width: 1pt; font-size: initial; text-align: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></div><br><div id="_originalContent" style=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8">Crispin and list<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Has this particular anthropologist telling you the facts reported below also asked the community their opinion on the possibility that it is or will soon be possible to make money from the production of charcoal? And maybe even put that char in their own ground with (maybe, but TBD) 50% improvement in yield? </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Or if he/she has not asked about income generation while cooking (including fuel preparation - possibly of small twigs), what should Frank ask of the anthropologist?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>And if the anthropologist (as in your story) says not to bother, but there is counter evidence - what should Frank do?</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>What answer should Frank and the anthropologist expect from this community that you are sure “<i class="">will refuse it</i>” - but have not yet been asked any appropriate question? </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Ron</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Jan 29, 2017, at 8:07 AM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" class="">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
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Dear Frank<span style="font-family:Calibri,'Slate Pro',sans-serif,sans-serif; font-size:initial; text-align:initial; line-height:initial" class=""></span></div>
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How is this: the anthropologist comes from the field and tells you that the community will not spend time preparing fuel, and you can only plan on burning stick fuel. </div>
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There is no problem attempting to sell a stove that needs novel fuel, or a processing method. But if you are told from the start not to bother, they will refuse to use it, it has to be treated as valuable information. </div>
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When an industrial designer assess what to create, the customer sets the parameters. Apple famously held that people don't know what they want yet, they have to be told. Well stovers, a lot of cooks know what they want and what they don't. </div>
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I think that's a good place to start. The designer can optimise the fuel chopping and sizing all they want: the community will refuse it. </div>
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We can't work in isolation from the market. That's the point. </div>
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Regards </div>
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Crispin </div>
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<div class="">Dear Crispin,
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<div class="">I agree with the stove designer/selector criteria for guiding the process making a stove. But before taking it into the field I suggest it be tested using the biomass available and biomass optimized for that stove. That to be included in the instructions.
I realize people are going to use the stove as they wish. But knowing how to prepare the fuel for optimum performance is a start. </div>
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<div class="">Preparing the fuel for stoves takes time and energy and may seem silly and likely not going to be done. BUT if the fuel is the variable that now needs control we will never get cleaner stoves until this is done - no matter what stove they use.
I think a process that sizes and dries, splits, chips - whatever the available fuel before use is the best next step to cleaner stoves. </div>
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<div class="">Frank </div>
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<div class="">On Jan 29, 2017, at 2:41 AM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" class="">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">Dear Frank</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">"If we don’t we are back to only the connected having the opportunity to market their stoves and all other backyard tinsnips designs don’t have a chance. Once that list is made you can add on all the additional
requirements you want. The stove passes or doesn’t make the second list."</span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">I think we are cleverer than that. It is quite reasonable to set before a stove designer/selector a set of 10 criteria of which half are hard science numbers or ranges and the other half are soft science requirements. </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">A good designer can then create or pick a few candidate technologies for verification and trials. </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">The trials would be performed by experienced cooks and product reviewers from the target community. Cecil wants it to go in stages of 'weeding' and he wants it done before the technical evaluation. He often points
out that the most acceptable and widely adopted product may not be the ones with the best technical specifications. </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">That is why Toyota sells more cars than Lamborghini. </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">Regards </span></div>
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<span class="" style="font-family:'Slate Pro'">Crispin </span></div>
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<div class="">Thanks</div>
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<div class="">Frank</div>
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_______________________________________________<br class="">Stoves mailing list<br class=""><br class="">to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br class=""><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" class="">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br class=""><br class="">to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br class="">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org<br class=""><br class="">for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br class="">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/<br class=""><br class=""></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div><br><!--end of _originalContent --></div></body></html>