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Dear Stovers,<br>
<br>
I received the message below because I am subscribed to the Google
Groups <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:stove@lists.berkeley.edu">"stove@lists.berkeley.edu"</a> group. I thank Kirk Smith for
providing this.<br>
<br>
A few key points:<br>
1. India on track for 50 million LPG stoves for BOP (base of
pyramid) households by 2019. (Previously reported cost to be US$1
billion.)<br>
<br>
2.
<blockquote type="cite"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">Discussions are on to
double the target for early next decade. This would mean a
remarkable enhancement of clean kitchens for hundreds of
millions of people. </span></blockquote>
That would probably be another billion dollars of government
subsidy. That would be a total of 100 Million LPG stoves for the
BOP population, which the article notes to be about 200 million
households burning solid fuels. Therefore, with full success the
LPG efforts could accomplish half of the need. What about the
other half? (My answer is TLUD woodgas stoves (gas burners that
make there gases from dry biomass, analogous to biogas stoves with
gas from wet biomass).)<br>
<br>
3. From "chit chat" messages from India, I have heard <br>
A. of LPG stoves not being used because of distance to get a refill
of the tank (and of course the gas is not free).<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-forward-container">B. people with the subsidized
tank-refills selling them for a profit to restaurants that would
pay substantially more to refill their tanks at the commercial
level. (and possible kick-backs to the people who are hired to
prevent such dealings.) That is only hearsay from a couple of
sources, so do not quote it as proven. Illegal actions are
difficult to document, for obvious reasons.).<br>
<br>
4. I do not know how much LPG India has and can continually
produce for how many years. Any data would be apprreciated.
Might be abundant, and might actually help the most accessable
half of India's BOP households. But LPG is a limited fossil-fuel
resource that does contribute to atmospheric CO2 increase. In
contrast the TLUD woodgas stoves (gas burners, not stick burners)
use renewable fuels and can even become carbon-negative when
charcoal is collected and buried as biochar. And at a fraction
of the billions of dollars that are going to the LPG industry.<br>
<br>
REQUEST: Can anyone help get this message to any decision makers
in India? I would like to have a fair hearing about this (about
the TLUD woodgas stoves, not about the LPG aspects, for which the
LPG lobby already has its support lined up.)<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
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<td>[stove and climate] Timely op-ed</td>
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<th align="RIGHT" nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE">Date: </th>
<td>Fri, 17 Feb 2017 06:17:04 -0800</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt:15.0pt"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#484848" lang="EN">0p-ed in Indian
Express, one of India’s national newspapers, Feb 17, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt:15.0pt"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#484848" lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p
style="margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;vertical-align:baseline"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;color:#484848" lang="EN">This
proposed program, Ujjwala-Mamta, meaning bright motherhood,
is proposed to be a follow on or supplement to the highly
successful </span><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Cambria",serif"
lang="EN-IN">Pradham Mantri Ujjwala Yojana program started
last May, which has already provided LPG connections to 17
million poor households and is on track to achieve a goal of
50 million by 2019. This on top of the 12.5 million from
the Give it Up campaign from the year before. Now we need
to find ways to focus on enhancing usage among the most
vulnerable, such as pregnant women./k</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-line-height-alt:15.0pt"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#484848" lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:37.5pt;background:white"><b><span
style="font-size:34.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:black" lang="EN">The pollution in
the house<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.5pt;background:white"><span
style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#6B6B6B" lang="EN">Petroleum and
health ministries need to push access to LPG, promote its
use.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#484848" lang="EN">Written by <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/kirk-r-smith/"><b><span
style="color:#A32020;text-decoration:none">Kirk R.
Smith</span></b></a> and <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/ambuj-d-sagar/"><b><span
style="color:#A32020;text-decoration:none">Ambuj D.
Sagar</span></b></a> , Indian Express, Feb 17, 2017<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#484848" lang="EN"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:14.25pt"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto;color:#747474"><img
style="width:7.9041in;height:4.45in" id="Picture_x0020_1"
src="cid:part3.8624F652.7163C8FD@ilstu.edu" alt="LPG, LPG
use, LPG usage, air pollution, pollution, cooking gas,
cooking fuel, cooking pollution, ministry of petroleum and
natural gas, LPG connection, JSSK programme, reduce
pollution, indian express news, india news, indian express
opinion" height="427" border="0" width="759"></span><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto;color:#747474"
lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:Roboto;color:#747474"
lang="EN">An LPG connection is a necessary first step, but
there is need to ensure usage as well</span><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto;color:#747474"
lang="EN">.</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif" lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:21.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">Air pollution
kills more Indians than any other risk factor with estimates
ranging from 15 to 20 lakh premature deaths annually.
Although outdoor air pollution garners most public
attention, it is well-known in health circles that pollution
from chulhas is about half of the problem because people in
households are directly exposed to such pollution. It is
less well-understood, however, that the two are linked: One
of the reasons India has such bad outdoor air pollution is
that nearly 200 million households are still burning biomass
every day for cooking. Solving the household dirty fuel
problem will also help reduce the outdoor air problem,
although not solve it on its own.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:21.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">Although reducing
outdoor air pollution remains difficult for Indian
policymakers given the multiplicity of sources involved, the
country is making major strides in addressing household air
pollution. First with the Give it Up scheme and now with the
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) programme, the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) has targeted 5 crore
BPL households to be connected to LPG by 2019, a massive
increase in the rate of uptake by historical and global
standards. Discussions are on to double the target for early
next decade. This would mean a remarkable enhancement of
clean kitchens for hundreds of millions of people. But
accomplishing the project will involve major challenges.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:21.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">An LPG connection
is a necessary first step, but there is need to ensure usage
as well. An LPG connection alone does not help health much
if the cylinder and stove sit unused in a corner, and are
used occasionally for making tea. A near-full transition to
LPG as the main cookfuel is needed to stop the household and
ambient pollution from traditional biomass use. Although
experience from all over the world shows that gas is a
superior and aspirational fuel and that households can
reasonably be expected to eventually shift to using it,
there has not been much experience in creating the
incentives for poor households to move quickly through the
transition. Cost is certainly an issue, but for hundreds of
millions in India, other issues are also important, such as
reliable and rapid access to refills, clear messaging around
health, and changes in community expectations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:21.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">The health sector
has long dealt with these issues. It does no good just to
give people access to latrines, condoms, birth facilities,
and vaccines, if no one uses them. As with LPG, access is
essential, but that is just the beginning to secure health
benefits. Thus, in the next stages of the LPG programme
there would be real advantage if the two sectors, petroleum
and health, were to work together to make sure LPG makes its
full contribution of health — the former to provide access
and the latter to help ensure usage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:21.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">One arena with
which India’s health sector has good experience is
conditional cash transfer (CCT) or the provision of cash
incentives for specific behaviours that promote health in
vulnerable groups — one such project is the Shishu Suraksha
Karyakram (JSSK) programme among poor pregnant women. It has
recently been expanded under the Pregnancy Aid Yojana scheme
to provide a minimum of Rs 6,000 in incentives for healthy
practices during pregnancy in poor households. There are
risks with this approach, of course, but it works well if
the funds are reserved for producing highly-effective
behavioural changes that do not result in long-term
financial commitments and, importantly, are transferred
directly to the women’s bank accounts where they are most
likely to be used for the benefit of the household.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:21.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">There is a
parallel opportunity for LPG use — to initiate a
sub-programme of the PMUY that focuses on providing not only
LPG connections but refills during pregnancy to all
biomass-using households. The impact on birth weight and
other adverse birth outcomes for a pregnant woman using
biomass has been established in several studies in India; a
recent study in Africa shows reduction in hypertension in
pregnancy with clean fuel use. Thus the Rs 1,800 or so that
the LPG would cost during a pregnancy to maximise the
reduction in biomass smoke looks to be well worth the cost
for the country. The project could be supported by the
ugraded JSSK programme.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:21.0pt"><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#3E3E3E" lang="EN">Such a joint
effort between MoPNG and the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare (MoHFW) to promote the health and well-being of poor
pregnant women — and by extension, their newborn children —
could serve as a model for future collaborative efforts that
might be undertaken by the MoHFW to address other pressing
sources of air pollution. Such innovative partnerships are
required to address India’s complex development challenges.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height:16.5pt;background:#F6F6F6"><span
style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif;color:#696868" lang="EN">Smith is
professor of global environmental health at the University
of California, Berkeley and Sagar is Vipula and Mahesh
Chaturvedi Professor of Policy Studies at IIT Delhi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid
windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0in"><span
style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">-----------------------------------------------------------<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Kirk R. Smith,
MPH, PhD <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu"><span
style="color:blue">krksmith@berkeley.edu</span></a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Professor of
Global Environmental Heath<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Chair, Graduate
Group in Environmental Health Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Director, Global
Health and Environment Program<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">School of Public
Health<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">747 University
Hall<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">University of
California <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Berkeley, CA
94720-7360<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">510-643-0793
(fax: 642-5810)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://www.kirkrsmith.org/"><span
style="color:blue">http://www.kirkrsmith.org/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
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