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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">Dear Crispin, dear Nikhil, dear Tom,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">There are some reasons why Ben Stoves produce
less emissions per kg wood
burned compared to traditional Three Stone Fire: a) The grate
improves primary
air supply; b) the stove shell is supported on extensions<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(distance 3 cm to the
floor), so that primary
and secondary air can easily enter from all sides; c) the
burnt small dry
sticks can be arranged advantageously due to the combination
of ash pan and
grate; d) the efficiency is high, not because air flow is
restricted, but
through the position of the pot in respect to the flames and
the conduction of
the flue gases by the stove shell. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">Thus there will be smaller remaining
emissions per cooking task than only
with the factor of the efficiency relation 0.1/0.4 = ¼. If the
emission per kg
is reduced by halve, the factor will be 1/8 (i.e. the
remaining emission is
only 1/8 of the Three Stone Fire for the same task). I think
that the reduction
to 1/4 or less is of importance for the health, as one of
several
contributions. A further great reduction of exposure to
emissions happens if
cooking with retained heat (see
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Heat-retention_cooking">http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Heat-retention_cooking</a>) is
applied. We see in Africa a growing awareness of
this wonderful chance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">In Zambia I have been told that dry beans are
cheap, but they are not
cooked because the charcoal is too expensive and the hours of
attention with
breathing the flue gases from the brazier causes headaches
(see<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US" lang="EN-US">EPA-600/R-00-052.
GREENHOUSE GASES FROM SMALL-SCALE COMBUSTION DEVICES IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
PHASE IIA Household Stoves in India. This EPA-Report shows
that
charcoal was the worst in respect of CO-emission). Both
barriers can be
overcome by an improved cook stove which avoids use of
traditional charcoal and
through cooking with retained heat. This will also reduce the
active cooking
time resp. exposure time to a minimum. Of course only the
device for cooking with retained heat can be
used in a closed room. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">Use of LPG or biogas can be an option,
especially for cooking tasks which
don’t need much energy. Solar cookers may be used for boiling
water, for baking
etc. Thus <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a
combination of technologies,
can be the best solution. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">The design of the Ben-Stove <span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>with low
temperatures of the steel sheets (less than 400 °C) allows the
use of mild
steel. This enables a simple local production of this open
source technology. With
the presented picture I wanted to illustrate that with a
locally produced ICS
and a “Hay Basket” for cooking with retained heat it is
possible to overcome
the burdens on health and environment even in case of
households with very low
income. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
DE" lang="EN-US">Kind regards,<br>
Dieter<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</p>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 16.04.2017 um 22:18 schrieb Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Dear Nikhil</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>As time has dribbled by I have
noticed significant changes in the focus of efforts,
particularly on this Stoves List, as shifted from testing
abstractly (fixed cycles and pots and fuels like the VITA
WBT) to examining the contextual relevance. I have just
finished preparing a presentation on the history of stove
testing that follows not the numbers but the metrics as
contextuality became embedded in the consciousness of the
testing community. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Starting in 1983 at TATU in the
Eastern Cape, Cecil Cook and I tried to bring what was at
the time considered to by a big improvement which was high
mass indoor stoves with a chimney. They were really
appreciated for holding the heat and getting the smoke
outside.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Criticism of the high mass mud stoves
came not from the users, but from the technos who concluded
(after promoting them for years) that they used more fuel
than the open fires they replace. Apparently then didn’t
interview the users about what they wanted, which was clean
indoor air and stored heat. Fuel efficiency is not on top of
everyone’s list, as you have pointed out.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When the Vesto Stove marketing survey
was being conducted in the Johannesburg area we found that
people rated fuel consumption lower than several other
features. BTW that inch-thick survey is used as curriculum
material at the Industrial Design School at the University
of Johannesburg. There are many things to learn from it
about ranking and rating and expectations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Today we hear a great deal about
contextual assessment not only on the ground where Practical
Action, for example, has always done 99% of their work. They
produced a $0 stove for Darfur that uses half the fuel of a
traditional fire. Recognition of the importance of
‘location’ is now entrenched in the ISO Standard as document
19867-2 which is “Part 2” of the test methods. This means
that even at the highest international level, it is
recognised that the context of use has to be considered if a
meaningful assessment is to be made.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>That is quite a step forward, don’t
you think? It was only a dream three years ago, hotly
attacked as impossible to conduct and not in line with all
the work that had been poured into fixed condition,
arbitrary test procedures.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The first categorically contextual
test element was the inclusion in 1992 in the Indian
National Test of 28 different pot sizes, to be used
depending on the firepower of the stove. The burn rate was
established and then a pot size was assigned for use during
the test.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Now we have conceptually advanced
approaches including the CSI Water Heating Test which can be
applied to a particular region, province or demographic. The
SANS 1243 Paraffin Stove Standard includes elements of this,
recognising that particular dangers exist in low income
households – the close proximity in cramped homes of cheap
plastic materials that catch fire easily, for example. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Tom: Thanks for your well-constructed
response to Nikhil’s question.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Regards</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Crispin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span
lang="EN-US"> Stoves
[<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Tom Miles<br>
<br>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Pick a circumstance.
Apply your contextual analysis. And, show how you would
develop a “usable stove.” You will find that there are
several “usable stoves” to choose from, thanks to the work
of people in this stoves community. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">At ETHOS 2017, Verena
Brinkman, GIZ, presented a comprehensive framework for
evaluating stoves and their use. The framework is work in
progress and includes many individual factors such as the
stove performance metrics you cite. It attempts to relate
them to specific circumstances. The challenge is how to
apply the contextual framework to making decisions about
stove development and applications. In some areas people now
have many different stoves to choose from. In more desperate
circumstances they have only what donor agencies can offer.
There are many usable stoves for different contexts. They
can always be improved but the production, distribution and
use is often compromised by other “contextual” factors
outside the control of stove developers.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">We have an impressive
amount of information about the people, their environment,
cooking fuels and devices of all kinds, the emissions and
the health impacts in their circumstances. Through their
largely volunteer efforts and with the assistance of
government and private resources the stoves community has
improved millions of lives while living and working in
“context”. Many improvements are made by collective
creativity at the local level. While we may not be able to
make direct correlations of improvements to specific
diseases, any number of people in the stoves community can
point to cases where health has improved, trauma has
declined, and household energy expenditures have been
reduced. Stoves volunteers have also improved access to
potable water, food security and other health related
services. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Discussions at stoves
gatherings are all about context and will continue to be as
new solutions evolve. Context definition has improved in
both metrics and complexity in the more than 50 years. When
I first became involved we had “séances” in huts around
cooks imagining ways to improve their circumstances. Aid
workers and sociologists who lived in villages and barrios
carefully documented observations over time. Eventually
researchers built models of air and gas flows in homes.
Stoves were developed and efforts were made to develop and
improve methods for testing the performance and emissions of
individual devices. Universities and organizations like
Aprovecho built and tested physical models of dwellings to
validate models and find solutions. Berkeley Air and others
have developed sensors and data collection systems to
monitor and record when stoves are in use and detect
pollutants in different parts of the home and on family
members in real time. The long-term monitoring of actual
cooking and exposures is showing new opportunities and new
approaches for reducing health risk. You will see all of
this if you study the ETHOS presentations, ETHOS archives,
archives of this list, and the libraries of reports and data
by GACC, GIZ, FAO and collaborators, or engage in any of
their workshops or meetings. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Our work is not easy and
the technical, social, and political challenges are
significant. We can always be critical but I see substantial
improvement, especially in the past 20 years. Let’s
understand and build on what we have already developed.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Tom
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
name="_MailEndCompose"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></a></p>
<span></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span
lang="EN-US"> Stoves [<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Nikhil Desai<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, April 16, 2017 12:00 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> SPAM: Re: [Stoves] Comparison fuel
consumption</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Crispin: <br>
<br>
Just why is "emissions per kg burned or per MJ delivered
to the pot" relevant? <br>
<br>
What matters is exposure profiles - presence in certain
concentrations over the course of a day or a week or a
month or a year. <br>
<br>
Perhaps. In fact, there is very little we know about
emission rates, concentrations, exposures, and disease
incidence for different age/sex/ethnic profiles in
different parts of the world. <br>
<br>
I grant "emissions per kg burned" is a better metric than
average hourly emission rates and loads for four-hour
cooking periods assumed. But fuel chemistry, combustion
chemistry, and air chemistry of the cooking area,
surroundings, and everywhere else the person in question
moves around, cannot be modeled in realistic circumstances
for all contexts. <br>
<br>
Contextual, not general, analysis helps design usable
stoves. Your reference to higher efficiency stove with
doubled emissions is relevant only for burning in closed
areas and bad chimneys. I wonder how many such stoves were
used. From what I recall for India, people abandoned
high-smoke stoves, fuel savings notwithstanding. </span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Nikhil</span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><br>
</span></p>
<div>
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<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
lang="EN-US">------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
Nikhil Desai</span><span
lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p
class="MsoNormal"><span
lang="EN-US">(India
+91) 909 995
2080<br>
<i>Skype:
nikhildesai888</i></span><span
lang="EN-US"></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">On Sat, Apr 15,
2017 at 8:20 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com"
target="_blank">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>>
wrote:</span></p>
<blockquote>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear
Dieter</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Does the
Ben Stove have lower emissions per kg burned
or per MJ delivered to the pot?</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I want to
consider how the emissions are reduced. While
one can say, 'because it burns less wood the
emissions are proportionally reduced' the
reality is I expect that the reduction should
be much more than that. </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">If it
burns half the wood with half the emissions
per kg then the emissions are 1/4. I speak
here of course with reference to CO and PM. </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I have
seen, on the other hand, seen stoves that
saved fuel but doubled the emissions. I
presume that is not the case with the Ben
Stove. </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Thanks</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Crispin
</span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear
all,
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Please
find attached a picture for comparison of
fuelwood consumption of traditional Three
Stone Fire and Ben Stove. The picture
illustrates the savings with ICS and
cooking with retained heat. Of course
besides the savings of fuel there are
corresponding savings of emissions and
burdens.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Kind
regards,<br>
Dieter</span></p>
<div
id="m_-3292271456176806604DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="55">
<p class="MsoNormal"><a
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href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient"
target="_blank"><span><img
moz-do-not-send="true"
id="_x0000_i1025"
height="29" width="46"></span></a></p>
</td>
<td width="470">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Virenfrei.
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient"
target="_blank">
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</tbody>
</table>
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