<div dir="ltr">Dear Mr Larson<div><br></div><div>Thanks for sharing the research papers. What is unclear to me is the distinction of the flaming and the smoldering phase. <b>How do we know in an practical experiment that the flaming phase is over and is the beginning of the smoldering phase.<br></b><div><br></div><div>Mitchell et al., 2016 (The first and second paper shared by you in the trailing mail), in their study found that flaming phase emissions were much higher than in the smoldering phase. CO emissions are also dependent on the combustion phase. <b>So is emission measurement the a criteria to evaluate the distinction of a phase?</b></div><div><br></div><div>Quoting a paragraph directly from the paper</div><i>Batch combustion in a fixed bed follows three major stages. Ignition occurs first once the surface material of the fuel devolatilises and forms a gaseous flame. Once this flame is established the ‘flaming phase’ takes place characterised by the combustion of volatile products and their decomposition products (secondary pyrolysis products) as luminous diffusion flames. Thirdly the smouldering phase occurs which is characterised by heterogeneous char combustion and limited visible gas phase combustion. Elasser et al. [17] have recently identified four combustion phases but in the present work we have used the simpler classification of the two major phases, flaming and smouldering because of the difficulty of distinguishing between the other phases.</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div>Gravimeteric measurements of particulate matter samples at an interval of 5 minute was done during a cooking cycle. Each of the filter paper would then be analyzed for EC-OC . The EC/TC ratio is an indication of the different combustion phases (Mitchell et al., 2016). </div><div><div><br></div><div>Atiku et al., 2016 (by th same group from Leeds University) in their study found that the values of the EC/TC ratios for wood logs, torrefied briquettes, coal and smokeless fuel are highly dependent on burning conditions; namely the flaming and smoldering phases. The results of this study suggest that EC and OC emissions from various solid fuels differ substantially in composition and relative proportion. <br><div><br></div>Smoke emissions from the different fuels are also dependent on the phase of combustion. Roden and Bond, 2006 identified that cooking fires exhibited three general combustion phases, which were named as vigorous flaming, gentle flaming, and smoldering.<br><br>a)      Vigorous flaming is characterized by strong flames with a jutting appearance, resulting from rapid de-volatilization from the wood. It occurs shortly after the ignition of added wood.<br>b)      Gentle flaming is characterized by smaller flames, lower emission of scattering and absorbing particles, and a gradual decrease in CO2.<br>c)      Smoldering, occurs when the flames have extinguished.<br><br><br>Roden and Bond, 2006 studied the influence of flaming events and found that very dark particles with the optical properties of black particles are emitted during this phase. During the vigorous flaming phase, the emissions of particles are very high, especially dark, light absorbing particles associated with low instantaneous single scatter albedos. CO2 usually peaks toward the end of vigorous flaming. In the gentle flaming phase scattering and absorption coefficients were often similar in magnitude during this phase, indicating that both strongly absorbing and non-absorbing particles were emitted. Carbon monoxide concentration followed either the scattering or absorption coefficient. In the smoldering phase, light scattering increases sharply because flames are not consuming the volatile matter emitted from the wood, which recondenses into particles. Despite the lack of flame to create black carbon, these aerosols still have an absorbing component. CO emissions here are no greater than those of the preceding gentle flaming phase. The decreasing carbon dioxide concentration shows a drop in burning rate.<br><br><b>So during realtime emission measurement of stove, can we say that to determine </b><b>which combustion phase we are in, there can be two parameters to define that</b></div><div><b>A) EC/OC ratio </b></div><div><b>B) CO/CO2 ratio<br></b><br>Regards</div></div><div>Darpan</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sat, May 20, 2017 at 10:26 PM, Ronal W. Larson <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:rongretlarson@comcast.net" target="_blank">rongretlarson@comcast.net</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div style="word-wrap:break-word"><div>List:</div><div><br></div><div>1.  This one appeared as a Journal-recommended non-fee paper:</div><div><h1 class="m_8154038981684945382svTitle" id="m_8154038981684945382ti0005" style="border:0px;font-size:22px;font-weight:400;margin:0px 0px 12px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,'Lucida Sans Unicode','Microsoft Sans Serif','Segoe UI Symbol',STIXGeneral,'Cambria Math','Arial Unicode MS',sans-serif;color:rgb(46,46,46);line-height:1.4;clear:both;font-variant-ligatures:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">“The impact of fuel properties on the emissions from the combustion of biomass and other solid fuels in a fixed bed domestic stove"</h1><ul class="m_8154038981684945382authorGroup m_8154038981684945382noCollab m_8154038981684945382svAuthor" style="border:0px;font-size:13px;margin:0px 0px 6px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,'Lucida Sans Unicode','Microsoft Sans Serif','Segoe UI Symbol',STIXGeneral,'Cambria Math','Arial Unicode MS',sans-serif;list-style:none;display:inline;color:rgb(46,46,46);font-variant-ligatures:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><li class="m_8154038981684945382smh5" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#" class="m_8154038981684945382svAuthor m_8154038981684945382authorName" id="m_8154038981684945382authname_N34c65580N84b6a120" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank">E.J.S. Mitchell</a><a title="Affiliation: a" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#af0005" class="m_8154038981684945382auth_aff m_8154038981684945382intra_ref" id="m_8154038981684945382baf0005" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank"><sup style="border:0px;font-size:0.7em;margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:0">a</sup></a>, </li><li class="m_8154038981684945382smh5" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#" class="m_8154038981684945382svAuthor m_8154038981684945382authorName" id="m_8154038981684945382authname_N34c65580N84b6a1d4" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank">A.R. Lea-Langton</a><a title="Affiliation: a" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#af0005" class="m_8154038981684945382auth_aff m_8154038981684945382intra_ref" id="m_8154038981684945382baf0005" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank"><sup style="border:0px;font-size:0.7em;margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:0">a</sup></a>, </li><li class="m_8154038981684945382smh5" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#" class="m_8154038981684945382svAuthor m_8154038981684945382authorName" id="m_8154038981684945382authname_N34c65580N84b6a288" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank">J.M. Jones</a><a title="Affiliation: a" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#af0005" class="m_8154038981684945382auth_aff m_8154038981684945382intra_ref" id="m_8154038981684945382baf0005" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank"><sup style="border:0px;font-size:0.7em;margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:0">a</sup></a>, </li><li class="m_8154038981684945382smh5" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#" class="m_8154038981684945382svAuthor m_8154038981684945382authorName" id="m_8154038981684945382authname_N34c65580N84b6a33c" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank">A. Williams</a><a title="Affiliation: a" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#af0005" class="m_8154038981684945382auth_aff m_8154038981684945382intra_ref" id="m_8154038981684945382baf0005" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank"><sup style="border:0px;font-size:0.7em;margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:0">a</sup></a><sup style="border:0px;font-size:0.7em;margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:0">, </sup><a title="Corresponding author contact information" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#cr0005" id="m_8154038981684945382bcr0005" class="m_8154038981684945382auth_corr m_8154038981684945382intra_ref" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;display:inline-block;background-image:url();width:16px;height:16px;background-position:0% -3869px;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat" target="_blank"></a>, </li><li class="m_8154038981684945382smh5" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#" class="m_8154038981684945382svAuthor m_8154038981684945382authorName" id="m_8154038981684945382authname_N34c65580N84b6a468" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank">P. Layden</a><a title="Affiliation: b" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#af0010" class="m_8154038981684945382auth_aff m_8154038981684945382intra_ref" id="m_8154038981684945382baf0010" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank"><sup style="border:0px;font-size:0.7em;margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:0">b</sup></a>, </li><li class="m_8154038981684945382smh5" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#" class="m_8154038981684945382svAuthor m_8154038981684945382authorName" id="m_8154038981684945382authname_N34c65580N84b6a51c" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank">R. Johnson</a><a title="Affiliation: b" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843#af0010" class="m_8154038981684945382auth_aff m_8154038981684945382intra_ref" id="m_8154038981684945382baf0010" style="color:rgb(49,108,157);text-decoration:none;border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline" target="_blank"><sup style="border:0px;font-size:0.7em;margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:0">b</sup></a></li></ul><div id="m_8154038981684945382currtAsOf" style="border:0px;font-size:13px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,'Lucida Sans Unicode','Microsoft Sans Serif','Segoe UI Symbol',STIXGeneral,'Cambria Math','Arial Unicode MS',sans-serif;color:rgb(46,46,46);font-variant-ligatures:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"></div><div id="m_8154038981684945382showMoreButtons" style="border:0px;font-size:13px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,'Lucida Sans Unicode','Microsoft Sans Serif','Segoe UI Symbol',STIXGeneral,'Cambria Math','Arial Unicode MS',sans-serif;color:rgb(46,46,46);font-variant-ligatures:normal;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"><a class="m_8154038981684945382showLess m_8154038981684945382moreLink" style="color:rgb(1,86,170);border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px;vertical-align:baseline;display:inline"><span class="m_8154038981684945382CollapseText" style="border:0px;margin:0px;padding:0px 5px 0px 0px;vertical-align:top;width:10px;display:inline-block;height:9px;background-image:url();background-position:0% -3836px;background-repeat:no-repeat no-repeat"> </span></a></div></div><div><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382015301843" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/<wbr>science/article/pii/<wbr>S0378382015301843</a></div><div><br></div><div><span class="m_8154038981684945382Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">     </span>It fits TLUDs in the sense that a TLUD separates the two distinct types of burning (flaming and smoldering) - and (hopefully if one places the char in soil) one never sees the second type.  I have NOT read this carefully, but looks well done.</div><div><br></div><div>2.   From a totally different source this one appeared with a similar flavor:</div><div><a class="m_8154038981684945382link" href="https://recommendations.springernature.com/v1255/redirect/004bM9w-ENjUDU5H2pVUL17iSbuwMKVCjjjyi2fmgQy_Pkthsyu_4YHhRbwzsJyH4DdRhtmVrAZLjXdxRWFEfQDZ7apxqf-z_xWLbCeQuOE1XKrSe4w5mShj2OXoLQ6X7ZwyDcbGMDkqA5b23U7MvijGIg6JNq8JxfpopB31uvluETRcg-zUK-uSL5TVVe6_eK-AJAcEbytnI5U_KvJ_IG0KrRfZtESgYqNVVPDAz_9AqAZOxx2qEqXqf_lbxxUCjMaqVGYM8tvfd7HUF4SLLKstjY4CGAG7Tnk7ZcnKR9BmNOWKU8_Laikhewva_0iHJpmS0kJoDE3QitwRJ6O7n1x_qsXHop5oDgDuAXpJQwLLdOjGjv-pC6ZZK4FKf4S0qjpsjnEZn5K9QTF1lMBn_P2H-jUCU1OUxF7PRz96_lFKcHlFBUY4rfJn5EnzX7xvZ2-xzhvlhsIZsNvmC-tJugJLsNaZGLlCohTN-ZBKD16Iv1-JD6PTnXU5aFn8yy-uJuliffCQqwHhP8ml1yV0MXEQoXuou5KuDqpLDYSc3gjXlakHnI-FAMf5K5yoIpI4Tx1ruKQaeR9y-rl0yfmqWRZNWpmTkKQSouI7R_xoOEiWXXyCGuAGzpxE79AsM5rCsNgjklwL98wFV8wAwcycioMAGU9taiN2GtGR9NYnoJv8b4DV1COrk_MN_hKypxYdUQUCXquUghBqxSchWYeYjcce0Q_UzmGdt-ePYETRmsK5lKuGIveNwoiWxebl00q7AarHZtW11aNFVJz02_7-k0_jr4hKhmop3xGUbUpyMekQFeNo-N4210_qmDLmVpCIPvFscyk2t2bNBea7tw6EQBApaoKo21_OwS9MSM1DwQIdQIP-tLlt_4evPMis-HNYrrTe362LYrnFe_Y3iNKeUreMsP8QMB_1qbe-q8RLklBo9Qv1Sr6joVo4uVUc4Wr3ALUX6CAa5QMUMRkXUikRPUAlaNdn43GpGdL7CnQfSfqK3iY3fv-1DRyFKjIM8qtrbHljmYnJ0vTqD1XAWJu781LSSdZni3l0YzVKFva3g3hnmnV1ZUCkZ04Yq_vfAV2T" title="The impact of fuel properties on the emissions from the combustion of biomass and other solid fuels in a fixed bed domestic stove" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;display:inline!important;text-decoration:none;margin:7px 0px;padding-right:36px;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:17px;font-variant-ligatures:normal;letter-spacing:0.102px" target="_blank"><h2 class="m_8154038981684945382title" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:rgb(1,118,195);font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;margin:0px 0px 7px;padding:inherit;width:auto;line-height:21px;max-height:42px;overflow:hidden;font-family:inherit;display:inline!important"><span class="m_8154038981684945382line-start m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">The</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">impact</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">of</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">fuel</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">properties</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit"><wbr>on</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">the</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">emissions</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">from</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">the</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">comb<wbr>ustion</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">of</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">biomass </span><span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">and</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">other</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">so<wbr>lid</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">fuels</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">in</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">a</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">fixed</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">bed</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">domes<wbr>tic</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382line-end m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">stove</span></h2></a></div><a class="m_8154038981684945382link" href="https://recommendations.springernature.com/v1255/redirect/004bM9w-ENjUDU5H2pVUL17iSbuwMKVCjjjyi2fmgQy_Pkthsyu_4YHhRbwzsJyH4DdRhtmVrAZLjXdxRWFEfQDZ7apxqf-z_xWLbCeQuOE1XKrSe4w5mShj2OXoLQ6X7ZwyDcbGMDkqA5b23U7MvijGIg6JNq8JxfpopB31uvluETRcg-zUK-uSL5TVVe6_eK-AJAcEbytnI5U_KvJ_IG0KrRfZtESgYqNVVPDAz_9AqAZOxx2qEqXqf_lbxxUCjMaqVGYM8tvfd7HUF4SLLKstjY4CGAG7Tnk7ZcnKR9BmNOWKU8_Laikhewva_0iHJpmS0kJoDE3QitwRJ6O7n1x_qsXHop5oDgDuAXpJQwLLdOjGjv-pC6ZZK4FKf4S0qjpsjnEZn5K9QTF1lMBn_P2H-jUCU1OUxF7PRz96_lFKcHlFBUY4rfJn5EnzX7xvZ2-xzhvlhsIZsNvmC-tJugJLsNaZGLlCohTN-ZBKD16Iv1-JD6PTnXU5aFn8yy-uJuliffCQqwHhP8ml1yV0MXEQoXuou5KuDqpLDYSc3gjXlakHnI-FAMf5K5yoIpI4Tx1ruKQaeR9y-rl0yfmqWRZNWpmTkKQSouI7R_xoOEiWXXyCGuAGzpxE79AsM5rCsNgjklwL98wFV8wAwcycioMAGU9taiN2GtGR9NYnoJv8b4DV1COrk_MN_hKypxYdUQUCXquUghBqxSchWYeYjcce0Q_UzmGdt-ePYETRmsK5lKuGIveNwoiWxebl00q7AarHZtW11aNFVJz02_7-k0_jr4hKhmop3xGUbUpyMekQFeNo-N4210_qmDLmVpCIPvFscyk2t2bNBea7tw6EQBApaoKo21_OwS9MSM1DwQIdQIP-tLlt_4evPMis-HNYrrTe362LYrnFe_Y3iNKeUreMsP8QMB_1qbe-q8RLklBo9Qv1Sr6joVo4uVUc4Wr3ALUX6CAa5QMUMRkXUikRPUAlaNdn43GpGdL7CnQfSfqK3iY3fv-1DRyFKjIM8qtrbHljmYnJ0vTqD1XAWJu781LSSdZni3l0YzVKFva3g3hnmnV1ZUCkZ04Yq_vfAV2T" title="The impact of fuel properties on the emissions from the combustion of biomass and other solid fuels in a fixed bed domestic stove" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;display:block;text-decoration:none;margin:7px 0px;padding-right:36px;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:17px;font-variant-ligatures:normal;letter-spacing:0.102px" target="_blank"><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"><ul class="m_8154038981684945382authors" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:16px;padding:0px 0px 2px;margin:0px"><li class="m_8154038981684945382author" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;padding:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block">Mitchell, E.J.S.</li><li class="m_8154038981684945382author" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;padding:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block">Johnson, R.</li></ul></div></a><div><a class="m_8154038981684945382link" href="https://recommendations.springernature.com/v1255/redirect/004bM9w-ENjUDU5H2pVUL17iSbuwMKVCjjjyi2fmgQy_Pkthsyu_4YHhRbwzsJyH4DdRhtmVrAZLjXdxRWFEfQDZ7apxqf-z_xWLbCeQuOE1XKrSe4w5mShj2OXoLQ6X7ZwyDcbGMDkqA5b23U7MvijGIg6JNq8JxfpopB31uvluETRcg-zUK-uSL5TVVe6_eK-AJAcEbytnI5U_KvJ_IG0KrRfZtESgYqNVVPDAz_9AqAZOxx2qEqXqf_lbxxUCjMaqVGYM8tvfd7HUF4SLLKstjY4CGAG7Tnk7ZcnKR9BmNOWKU8_Laikhewva_0iHJpmS0kJoDE3QitwRJ6O7n1x_qsXHop5oDgDuAXpJQwLLdOjGjv-pC6ZZK4FKf4S0qjpsjnEZn5K9QTF1lMBn_P2H-jUCU1OUxF7PRz96_lFKcHlFBUY4rfJn5EnzX7xvZ2-xzhvlhsIZsNvmC-tJugJLsNaZGLlCohTN-ZBKD16Iv1-JD6PTnXU5aFn8yy-uJuliffCQqwHhP8ml1yV0MXEQoXuou5KuDqpLDYSc3gjXlakHnI-FAMf5K5yoIpI4Tx1ruKQaeR9y-rl0yfmqWRZNWpmTkKQSouI7R_xoOEiWXXyCGuAGzpxE79AsM5rCsNgjklwL98wFV8wAwcycioMAGU9taiN2GtGR9NYnoJv8b4DV1COrk_MN_hKypxYdUQUCXquUghBqxSchWYeYjcce0Q_UzmGdt-ePYETRmsK5lKuGIveNwoiWxebl00q7AarHZtW11aNFVJz02_7-k0_jr4hKhmop3xGUbUpyMekQFeNo-N4210_qmDLmVpCIPvFscyk2t2bNBea7tw6EQBApaoKo21_OwS9MSM1DwQIdQIP-tLlt_4evPMis-HNYrrTe362LYrnFe_Y3iNKeUreMsP8QMB_1qbe-q8RLklBo9Qv1Sr6joVo4uVUc4Wr3ALUX6CAa5QMUMRkXUikRPUAlaNdn43GpGdL7CnQfSfqK3iY3fv-1DRyFKjIM8qtrbHljmYnJ0vTqD1XAWJu781LSSdZni3l0YzVKFva3g3hnmnV1ZUCkZ04Yq_vfAV2T" title="The impact of fuel properties on the emissions from the combustion of biomass and other solid fuels in a fixed bed domestic stove" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;display:inline!important;text-decoration:none;margin:7px 0px;padding-right:36px;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:17px;font-variant-ligatures:normal;letter-spacing:0.102px" target="_blank"><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;display:inline!important"><span class="m_8154038981684945382journal" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-style:italic;line-height:1.4">Fuel Processing Technology</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382year" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">2016</span></div></a> </div><div> (only free at this single site)</div><div><a href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85463/1/A%20study%20of%20soot%20formation%20from%20biomass%20combustion.pdf" target="_blank">http://eprints.whiterose.ac.<wbr>uk/85463/1/A%20study%20of%<wbr>20soot%20formation%20from%<wbr>20biomass%20combustion.pdf</a></div><div><span class="m_8154038981684945382Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">    </span>(again - I haven’t read carefully - but has the same breakout into two types of combustion (Flaming and smoldering)</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>3.  And this one was also recommended at the same place.  We have discussed Dr. Tryner’s thesis work before, but I’m not sure this particular article.   I like it very much:</div><div><br></div><div><a class="m_8154038981684945382link" href="https://recommendations.springernature.com/v1255/redirect/004bM9w-ENjUDU5H2pVULzvM3jlkn27KyMViPvscv-hi-CXyEoj-tptLg8NkrJ1ARoTdXKWTMElsXB1g-CiQnPzRdUXhoi-9SXKcJZRxYxIoGbZ3R9Q0GFRfs7kUT4TRf3hobROqIJ1mZFrTAXhPSBWWkDBVbduwXW-wC_BiP7iSLZZSBFkdrLfVRHTwKNYDmzp-qlZTEDMdCoBiBL2IlG47Z_bx8JNhY3Lmp25m0ReBiRO4vNBeaSgGGC4n1gX5IeaoIjiZtMwD6E9ATUliZFop4OK3VtiHKklUJpakxsawLW_DRz63VFwfpJo7zPsFTatV3lOgsbpA6Hd1QA9S05l-DsPcEuDpcJKwW0yb8pJj64wpr4GLpkmQYP-CDT9ed42HyqXRTfL7eBQhuPet1r-Y2p1qeWgAMLkkAsriGDlt3aHy2EN34JhCH5cRePyXU5zNcFsX7eF0JEFaZ_pRCzjuyseIco7qB8btUpm3N1jk7c3Cxs6JP8HDYSot73vQDYLoMzdEJG33n4Al1QUQS0tRPMEuhcHEeK7CJHF7LvpKRKIHbXX07AyUqP157ogTOvKZ6cyF-HhVayouHRBsbO3hAsWaG4eurQVGl_DDyV5G0ibhYREeLdjSaj2-z75GwgE-4gMNO4NULwQaGsmi1SAuEvCIpIX6VaCMrtVR84edvETSkP4ZP9PPFAp47IKN8FxiYYe4LQaX_87KGz8aVv1-WRtHqBZN3H-gWW9r94efROJ6rVhhHbxW_GnP6zFs6E9jefYGFOPNZeMBLnKITgQ7YZPx4UW7VMWhQpTWSjt5J3lwHS-AE0dlvpU8beaTa5xqywUi4g1j9_Hgbrd0p6mjYNelB_AGTGVKSg0SoZ0yGzqWNplm1-YqWypfYER0PmyD8lHJMAPG--kJooqkK_YA5FC5AeL0pStS9QCqriJN_zlx0hlfP4NWrQpLPDCV9CK0V6aQOHkYk5dgfZwb5l8LPoeJYMivvfzOWnEW4PStBXnZFMuRNswl_4dxAjUXpTASiKfTgzZjSGtJKsI8KiY4gRTBjEStOoopPWbBEf8%3D" title="The effects of fuel type and stove design on emissions and efficiency of natural-draft semi-gasifier biomass cookstoves" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;display:block;text-decoration:none;margin:7px 0px;padding-right:36px;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:17px;font-variant-ligatures:normal;letter-spacing:0.102px" target="_blank"><h2 class="m_8154038981684945382title" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:rgb(1,118,195);font-weight:normal;font-size:inherit;margin:0px 0px 7px;float:inherit;padding:inherit;width:auto;line-height:21px;max-height:42px;overflow:hidden;font-family:inherit"><span class="m_8154038981684945382line-start m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">The</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">effects</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">of</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">fuel</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">type</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">and</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">s<wbr>tove</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">design</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">on</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">emissions</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">and</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">e<wbr>fficiency</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">of</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">natural-draft</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">sem<wbr>i-gasifier</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">biomass</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382line-end m_8154038981684945382word" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">cookstoves</span></h2><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"><ul class="m_8154038981684945382authors" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;line-height:16px;padding:0px 0px 2px;margin:0px"><li class="m_8154038981684945382author" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;padding:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block">Tryner, Jessica…</li><li class="m_8154038981684945382author" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;padding:0px;margin:0px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block">Marchese, Anthony J.</li></ul><span class="m_8154038981684945382journal" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-style:italic;line-height:1.4">Energy for Sustainable Development</span> <span class="m_8154038981684945382year" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit">2014</span></div></a><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"><a class="m_8154038981684945382link" href="https://recommendations.springernature.com/v1255/redirect/004bM9w-ENjUDU5H2pVULzvM3jlkn27KyMViPvscv-hi-CXyEoj-tptLg8NkrJ1ARoTdXKWTMElsXB1g-CiQnPzRdUXhoi-9SXKcJZRxYxIoGbZ3R9Q0GFRfs7kUT4TRf3hobROqIJ1mZFrTAXhPSBWWkDBVbduwXW-wC_BiP7iSLZZSBFkdrLfVRHTwKNYDmzp-qlZTEDMdCoBiBL2IlG47Z_bx8JNhY3Lmp25m0ReBiRO4vNBeaSgGGC4n1gX5IeaoIjiZtMwD6E9ATUliZFop4OK3VtiHKklUJpakxsawLW_DRz63VFwfpJo7zPsFTatV3lOgsbpA6Hd1QA9S05l-DsPcEuDpcJKwW0yb8pJj64wpr4GLpkmQYP-CDT9ed42HyqXRTfL7eBQhuPet1r-Y2p1qeWgAMLkkAsriGDlt3aHy2EN34JhCH5cRePyXU5zNcFsX7eF0JEFaZ_pRCzjuyseIco7qB8btUpm3N1jk7c3Cxs6JP8HDYSot73vQDYLoMzdEJG33n4Al1QUQS0tRPMEuhcHEeK7CJHF7LvpKRKIHbXX07AyUqP157ogTOvKZ6cyF-HhVayouHRBsbO3hAsWaG4eurQVGl_DDyV5G0ibhYREeLdjSaj2-z75GwgE-4gMNO4NULwQaGsmi1SAuEvCIpIX6VaCMrtVR84edvETSkP4ZP9PPFAp47IKN8FxiYYe4LQaX_87KGz8aVv1-WRtHqBZN3H-gWW9r94efROJ6rVhhHbxW_GnP6zFs6E9jefYGFOPNZeMBLnKITgQ7YZPx4UW7VMWhQpTWSjt5J3lwHS-AE0dlvpU8beaTa5xqywUi4g1j9_Hgbrd0p6mjYNelB_AGTGVKSg0SoZ0yGzqWNplm1-YqWypfYER0PmyD8lHJMAPG--kJooqkK_YA5FC5AeL0pStS9QCqriJN_zlx0hlfP4NWrQpLPDCV9CK0V6aQOHkYk5dgfZwb5l8LPoeJYMivvfzOWnEW4PStBXnZFMuRNswl_4dxAjUXpTASiKfTgzZjSGtJKsI8KiY4gRTBjEStOoopPWbBEf8%3D" title="The effects of fuel type and stove design on emissions and efficiency of natural-draft semi-gasifier biomass cookstoves" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;display:block;text-decoration:none;margin:7px 0px;padding-right:36px;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:17px;font-variant-ligatures:normal;letter-spacing:0.102px" target="_blank"><span class="m_8154038981684945382year" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit"></span></a><a href="http://envirofit.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2015-The-effect-of-fuel-type-etc_Tryner.pdf" target="_blank">http://envirofit.org/wp-<wbr>content/uploads/2016/06/2015-<wbr>The-effect-of-fuel-type-etc_<wbr>Tryner.pdf</a></div><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"><br></div><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"><span class="m_8154038981684945382Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre-wrap">  </span>A phrase in the abstract surprised me - that 60% of the energy can remain in the char.  I have never seen the remaining char this high - which should improve the economics if/when one is able to sell the char.</div></div><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit"><br></div><div class="m_8154038981684945382metadata" style="box-sizing:inherit;color:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit">Ron</div>

</div><br>______________________________<wbr>_________________<br>
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<br></blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Darpan Das<div>Research Scholar</div><div>IIT Bombay</div><div>India</div></div></div>
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