<div dir="ltr"><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Crispin<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The note that you cited fro our paper saying that the Philips stove reduces
PM2.5 concentration by only 66% was a cite of the work by Muralidharan et al.,
2015. It is based in a KPT not in a WBT: “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">Here, we tested a
traditional clay chulha cookstove (TCS) and five commercially available ACSs,
including both natural draft (Greenway Smart Stove, Envirofit PCS-1) and forced
draft stoves (BioLite HomeStove, Philips Woodstove HD4012, and Eco-Chulha XXL),
in a test kitchen in a rural village of western India. Compared to the TCS, the
ACSs produced significant reductions in particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM</span><sub style="bottom: -0.25em;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">2.5</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">) and CO concentrations (Envirofit: 22%/16%, Greenway:
24%/42%, BioLite: 40%/35%, Philips: 66%/55% and Eco-Chulha: 61%/42%), which
persisted after normalization for fuel consumption or useful energy. PM</span><sub style="bottom: -0.25em;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">2.5</span></sub><span class="gmail-apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">and CO
concentrations were lower for forced draft stoves than natural draft stoves.
Furthermore, the Philips and Eco-Chulha units exhibited higher cooking
efficiency than the TCS. Despite significant reductions in concentrations, all
ACSs failed to achieve PM</span></span><sub style="bottom: -0.25em;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">2.5</span></sub><span class="gmail-apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">levels that are considered safe by
the World Health Organization (ACSs: 277–714 </span><span style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">g/m</span></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">3</span></sup><span class="gmail-apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">or 11–28 fold higher than the WHO
recommendation of 25 </span><span style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">g/m</span></span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10pt;line-height:115%;color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">3</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">;)”<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">The objective of our paper was not to support LPG
industry, but to show that LPG subsidies have helped to give access to this
clean fuel (clean from a health perspective) to the poor in countries like
Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia and El Salvador. As we wrote, there are many
barriers for the use of LPG, and infrastructure and willingness to use it are
some of them. The paper was not intended to evaluate solid fuels stoves performances;
the proposition is a simple one: some countries in LAC have been giving
subsidies to LPG for many years, what are the results? Do those countries have
less use of solid fuel for cooking than expected? Yes, they do. <span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">The implication is only that helping the poor to buy
clean fuels may be part of the solution towards universal access to clean
fuels.<span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">Until today, there is not a solid fuel stove that
reduces exposure enough as to comply with the WHO guidelines for indoor air
quality. It is a high standard. It is hard to reach. You may choose to believe
that it was settled for some obscure purposes but I believe that they are
evidence’ based. If there are new technologies than can achieve dramatic
reductions in PM2.5 exposure using solid fuels, that would be great news,  if you have evidence like the study from Fresh
air and the World Bank to share, I would appreciate it. I definitely think that
the solution it’s not a single one and it will be a combination of policies,
strategies, fuels and technologies. Targeted subsidies to LPG and electricity may
be part of the solution. <span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">I have been researching adoption of fuels and technologies
to cook for the past 10 years. As part of my work, I have interviewed hundreds
of women in Latin American countries and I have found that the economic
barriers overcome the cultural barriers to the adoption of clean fuels. Many
women have expressed their wish to be able to afford LPG to cook. I think that
we have to keep in mind their wish to have access to the same benefits that we
already enjoy, when considering solutions for the poor. <span></span></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">Best Regards<span></span></span></p>

<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">Karin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br>
<br>
</span></span></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11pt;line-height:115%;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br></span></div>Dear
Friends<br>
<br>
In case there be any doubt as to the nature of the war on solid fuels, here is
a street-legal extract from the paper mentioned below:<br>
<br>
?Though the reasons underlying [use of solid fuels] are complex, it has been
shown to be highly associated with poverty and the lack of access to clean
fuels. Access to clean fuels is difficult to address, given that individuals
may not have the financial resources to buy Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) or
electricity, even when available in their communities. For this reason, most
solutions proposed in poor areas have been focused on ?making the available
clean? (i.e. to burn biomass cleanly in improved biomass stoves), rather than
on ?making the clean available? (Smith and Sagar, 2014). On account of a better
combustion, improved biomass stoves have higher efficiencies a lower emissions
of kitchen smoke, while still relying on solid fuels that are accessible and
generally free. These new improved biomass stoves vary enormously, but none
have yet been shown to sufficiently reduce exposure to PM2.5 to comply<br>
with the WHO's Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality (Smith and Sagar, 2014).
Research on exposure-response shows that the use of LPG leads to concentrations
of PM2.5 below the critical level of 10 ?g per m3, whereas concentrations
measurements in homes with improved biomass stoves have shown an annual average
of 170 ?g per m3 (Johnson and Chiang, 2015; WHO, 2014b). Even the Philips
stove, the most advanced biomass stove in the Global Alliance for Clean
Cookstoves (GACC) catalogue, reduces PM2.5 concentration by only 66%
(Muralidharan et al., 2015). This highlights the importance of ensuring access
to clean fuels and not just improving the combustion and efficiency of biomass
stoves. In LAC 90 million people?<br>
<br>
There are a lot of things worthy of comment in this one paragraph.<br>
For a start:<br>
?PM2.5 below the critical level of 10 ?g per m3 ?<br>
<br>
What? 10 ?g per m3 is so extraordinarily low that no one will meet it. If it is
true that we are all doomed to expire for breathing air containing generic
PM2.5 above that level, we can give up now.<br>
<br>
Who says the Philips stove is the most advanced? Reduced what by 66%? Exposure?
Against what baseline? In who?s kitchen? The GACC?s ?stove catalogue? rates
performance based on the WBT which contains so many conceptual and calculation
errors that it renders all test results irrelevant! How may times must that
conversation be held? Simply correcting the major calculation errors in the WBT
moves the stoves around the chart dramatically. If Berkeley can?t do math and
the GACC won?t fix it, we should simply move on to some rating method that
reflects reality. The entire stove community cannot continue to be held hostage
to incompetence that happens to serve select groups.<br>
<br>
The statement that people use solid fuels because of a lack of access to ?clean
fuels? assumes that solid fuels are ?unclean?, haram, unwanted, untouchable:
Dalit fuels. There are numerous cases where liquid and gaseous fuels are
available and shunned in favour of solid fuels. The reason is often economic,
but that does not mean ?poverty?. Just economy.<br>
<br>
LPG is not acceptable to some people, even whole regions. It is logistically
unacceptable in many regions, and we do not exist to give subsidies to Big Gas.
Biogas, wood gas and coal gas are perfectly viable alternatives to LPG which is
expensive. The industry that supplies it is highly tied up with a very small
number of distributors. It would cut millions of jobs out of energy industries
were it to become ?required?.<br>
<br>
?Making the available clean? is obviously the sensible path to take. The
paragraph proposes, in toto, that solid fuels cannot be burned cleanly, and
further, that liquid and gas fuels can, and are, and are safe doing so (this is
all about protecting the public, right?). Note the confabulation of indoor air
quality and unvented stoves with chimney stoves and outdoor air. This
technique, or trick if you must, tries to give the reader the idea that because
a stove that emits all its smoke indoors, it cannot be made clean enough with a
chimney to produce an outdoor PM2.5 level that is acceptable. Key to this
untruth is the claim that stoves with chimney cannot be clean burning (no
technological improvement is possible) and that they leak so much smoke from
the stove that the IAQ problem will persist at least in a modeled fraction of
kitchens that is above some arbitrary level.<br>
<br>
If you did not follow this last point, have a look at how the WHO?s exposure
model works. The estimate that there are really good and bad kitchens and
stoves and the model is set up to always estimate that some combination of bad
kitchens and stoves exist, therefore there will always be ?failing?
combinations. These may not exist at all, but they exist in the Monte Carlo
Simulations so by gum they probably exist in real life.<br>
<br>
To always have some kitchen-stove combinations fail, they heroically assume
that an average 25% of the emissions leak from chimney stoves, and that there
are no clean burning fires in all stoves fitted with chimneys. Because it is so
obvious that a reasonably clean burning stove with a reasonable chimney such as
is found throughout Asia would leak basically zero smoke into the room (while
burning a solid fuel) some excuse has to be invented not to do the obvious. I
say obvious because millions, or billions of people across Asia and North
America already figured this out and put chimneys on their heating and cooking
stoves. This invention apparently didn?t reach California.<br>
<br>
?These new improved biomass stoves vary enormously, but none have yet been
shown to sufficiently reduce exposure to PM2.5 to comply with the WHO's
Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality (Smith and Sagar, 2014).?<br>
<br>
Finally some relief, thanks to Fresh Air (Netherlands), Dr Talant Sooronbaev
and the World Bank?s Kyrgyzstan heating stove pilot programme. Together they
definitively showed that solid fuel stoves can be locally made and installed by
local contractors and supplied with local fuels and operated by local people
and that the exposure to PM2.5 can be reduced from a 24 hr level of 200-800
?g/m3 to 10-40. (There is a range because even walking through the house with
boots on can raise the level to 100 for a few minutes. A lot of cooking creates
an exposure well over 40 so we have to be at least a little realistic about
what constitutes a ?health protective? level.)<br>
<br>
Good, then. It is settled. The claim that solid fuels are not being able to be
burned cleanly enough to protect health is definitely disproven.<br>
<br>
The starting and finishing positions of this paper needs to be corrected in
light of the clear evidence contradicting them.<br>
<br>
Regards<br>
Crispin<br>
<br>
</span></div>