<div dir="ltr">I just read a narrative of charcoal-making in the hills north of Mumbai about a hundred years ago. Roland's observations held even there back then. <br><br>At the time, charcoal was the cooking fuel for most of Mumbai dwellers, though kerosene had come into use. (Mumbai proper was electrified by then though its current suburbs might have used kerosene for lighting.) <br><br>In this narrative - originally in Gujarati, now in Hindi; I could translate it into English - the charcoal-makers then were forest people who had tinkered with various means of making charcoal - types of wood, width and depth of the hole in the ground, material to cover it with. <br><br>An upper-caste trading class not only gave a very low price to the producers of charcoal, but managed to cheat them by overpricing the city goods for which they were the only sellers to the forest people. Later came claiming the lands in their own name and getting legal title by hook or by crook.<br><br>From what I remember of charcoal tales in my part of India, essentially the state (government) did the same things as those smart traders. Forests became much more lucrative as sources of charcoal as cities expanded - from the mid-1800s to the mid-1900s when kerosene cooking spread in Gujarat cities - whence forest departments claimed the traditional lands of forest dwellers as public property. <br><br>Of course, timber was the other forest product whose market boomed with urbanization. There were/are stumpage fees and all kinds of quotas, restrictions, which were the natural excuses for bribery. <br><br>Physicists doing exajoules computations to save climate don't know a thing about the social relations of production of biomass for fuel. The neglect of the reality of social lives - as of cooking itself - is an intellectual crime. <div><br>Nikhil<br><div><br></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><font face="georgia, serif">------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>Nikhil Desai</font></div><div><font face="georgia, serif">(India +91) 909 995 2080<br><i>Skype: nikhildesai888</i><br></font><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Sat, May 27, 2017 at 7:25 PM, Paul Anderson <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Roland,<br>
<br>
Very good comments contrasting wood-fuel and charcoal-fuel, so I am
sending them onward to the Stoves Listserv also. <br>
<br>
Note: Your website <a class="m_6955999138784977687moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.agrokarbo.info" target="_blank">www.agrokarbo.info</a> seems quite useful for
the biochar readers. Unfortunately I do not read German.<span class=""><br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<pre class="m_6955999138784977687moz-signature" cols="72">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a class="m_6955999138784977687moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: <a href="tel:(309)%20452-7072" value="+13094527072" target="_blank">+1-309-452-7072</a>
Website: <a class="m_6955999138784977687moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
</span><div class="m_6955999138784977687moz-cite-prefix">On 5/27/2017 4:17 AM,
<a class="m_6955999138784977687moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:roland@graskraft.de" target="_blank">roland@graskraft.de</a> [biochar] wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<span style="display:none"> </span>
<div id="m_6955999138784977687ygrp-mlmsg">
<div id="m_6955999138784977687ygrp-msg">
<div id="m_6955999138784977687ygrp-text">
<p>That's true. Charcoal is not the energy of the poorest of
the poor. All over the world charcoal is used in the
cities by the richer part of the society.<br>
<br>
Charcoal is a billion $ business and only 20% of the end
price goes to the producer, who usually apply very
primitive methods. 80 % is transport, bribes,
intermediates etc. And there is nothing (tax) for the
concerning state budget.<br>
<br>
Roland Schnell, Berlin, DE | AgroKarbo.info<br class="m_6955999138784977687yui-cursor">
</p>
<div class="m_6955999138784977687ygroups-quoted"><br>
<br>
---In <a class="m_6955999138784977687moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:biochar@yahoogroups.com" target="_blank">biochar@yahoogroups.com</a>, <a class="m_6955999138784977687moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:psanders@..." target="_blank"><psanders@...></a> wrote
:<span class=""><br>
<br>
<div id="m_6955999138784977687ygrps-yiv-1019473303"><br>
<div dir="ltr" id="m_6955999138784977687ygrps-yiv-1019473303yiv7784382868yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1495796759711_5675">Of
the 100
% of charcoal produced on the Island, more than 98%
are sent out
of the Island to be sold. <br clear="none">
</div>
<div dir="ltr" id="m_6955999138784977687ygrps-yiv-1019473303yiv7784382868yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1495796759711_5800"><br clear="none">
</div>
Less than 1/2% (0.5% of households on the island) are
using gaz, and
1% charcoal, and the rest are using Wood or sticks."<span></span>
<blockquote><span>
<br>
</span></blockquote>
</div>
</span></div>
</div>
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<hr style="height:2px;border-width:0;color:#e3e3e3;background-color:#e3e3e3"> Posted by: <a class="m_6955999138784977687moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:roland@graskraft.de" target="_blank">roland@graskraft.de</a>
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