<div dir="ltr">Dear interlocutors, <div><br></div><div>Thank you for devoting so much time to the issue of how to observe and involve stove users in a meaningful back and forth discussion with stove experts ...... who are determined - for what ever reason - to innovate and successfully disseminate what they consider to be improved stoves. It may help if I provide a little background. I am not trying to imprison villagers and city dwellers in the past when I urge stovers to learn as much as they can about and from the folks they want to help improve their lives before they attempt to innovate a stove for cooking, space heating, and other essential household, agricultural, and work tasks. </div><div><br></div><div>So I respect the noble intentions of many stovers, like Paul, Ron, Crispin, Nikhil and other contributors to the BioEnergy Stove Discussion List who are deeply committed to the advancement of stove science and its application to the design of improved small scale combustion devices to perform particular tasks. I was trying share what Crispin PP and I have learned in the course of a 40 year relationship about how to marry the social and physical science approaches to <b>in situ</b> technology development. Here is my version of what we have learned over the years mostly in southern Africa working with small public sector budgets dedicated to the creation of more prosperous and sustainable rural economies that maximized the use of local knowledge, resources, governance and minimized dependence on outside expertise, money, or political mandates and government officials. </div><div><br></div><div>Crispin and I met and have collaborated in the world view context created by the Gandhian critique of the whiteman's burden, his belief in the superior efficiency of local production by the masses in villages rather than mass production in factories in world cities, and his faith in the power of institutions of local self governance to generate full employment by combining labour and skill intensive craft production with highly technologized and automated forms of mass production. Fritz 'small is beautiful' Schumacher was a direct ideological descendent of Gandhi and the work of many appropriate technology organizations such as VITA, ATI, ITDG, GATE, GERES,NCAT and Aprovecho have continued to explore what might be called the backside or trailing edge of the industrial revolution .....;and ...... yes there is something quixotic in this quest for a more inclusive and diversified prosperity that recognizes the necessity for many different paths to achieve this prosperity and well being. </div><div><br></div><div>The earlier quest in the 1960's and 1970's for more <b>appropriate</b> stove technologies was and continues to be informed by the understanding that all humans swim and act in a rich medium of culture and realize that stove science and technologies are specialized expressions of culture. </div><div><br></div><div>Stoves can be usefully viewed as technological products but they must also be understood as integral parts of complicated socio-economic and culture mediated systems of traditional ethno-science. My harping on the importance of respecting and researching the baseline traditional stoves as the essential first step in applied stove science is based not on surveys. It is based on common sense. I have interviewed myself and discovered that stove development and transfer of innovations is an inherently consultative process that must engage all the major actors within the local, regional and national stove system. I have a personal and professional responsibility as social scientist - much like a medical doctor - to cause no harm to any of these role players in the name of stove progress (and we can and will argue till the cows come home about how who gets to define meta-progress: is it the golden mean that averages the perspectives and interests of all parties?)</div><div><br></div><div>At best the long suffering and respectful and open eared consultative approach to technology development - such as the one practiced by Crispin and me over the years in many different kinds of village scale self help implemented appropriate technology aims to enable the different technology protagonists - here stovers - to gradually figure out how to increase the benefits and reduce costs of higher functioning stove technologies either by replicating or tweaking the familiar stove designs or by innovating a radically new combination of stove/fuel/operator/</div><div>producer elements. It is obvious to me (see a paper I wrote in 1980/81 for the USAID Africa Bureau on<b> Spontaneous Technology Transfer</b>) that the greater the number of changes needed to successfully implement a new stove program whether by simply tweaking it in situ, gradually introducing small incremental changes, or by inserting a totally new type of stove that requires fundamental changes in the entire traditional stove culture and multi-actor stove system, the more complex becomes the innovation process itself. </div><div><br></div><div>The greater the complexity of the changes necessary to achieve a desired upgrade or transformation, the more dependent such a stove change process becomes upon imported expertise, big subsidies, and governmental power. The relative costs and differing degree of difficulty required to successfully implement a comparatively simple stove change program that tweaks or incrementally changes only a few elements in a traditional stove system typically requires less money, governance, and risk of failure when compared to multi level and multi-constituency campaigns of stove innovation when the aim is to totally replace an already institutionalized traditional stove system with a completely new stove/operator/fuel</div><div>/producer system. </div><div><br></div><div>Equally important in determining the degree of difficulty of a complex versus a simple stove change program is the size and the internal self governability of the political and economic communities or units involved in the implementation of stove change programs and campaigns. To repeat myself, the question here is about the implementation of what I see as a <b>bottom up globalization strategy</b> whereby the benefits of modern stove science and technology are first translated into and then integrated into local stove culture and local capacity to reconfigure the elements of the traditional stove system to incorporate and accommodate more "appropriate" stove innovations and products. </div><div><br></div><div>E M Rogers spent many years studying the 'diffusion of innovations' by different kinds of societies. (See for example: </div><div><br></div><div><a href="https://www.enablingchange.com.au/Summary_Diffusion_Theory.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.enablingchange.<wbr>com.au/Summary_Diffusion_<wbr>Theory.pdf</a>) </div><div><br></div><div>Rogers uses the concept of the indigenous "<b>reinvention</b>" by the recipients of an externally sourced innovations to account for differences in receptivity and rates of uptake of different types of innovation. There is a corpus of thousands of studies documenting and assessing the role of different socio-economic and cultural and psychological variables to account for the critical differences in adoption rates. </div><div><br></div><div>What is at issue here? Surely it is not the objective of the bioenergy discussion list to treat human beings as guinea pigs or to manipulatively impose inferior stoves on millions of families. The least we can do is listen respectfully to each other and learn AMAP (as much as possible) from our collective experience which is vast. My contribution to the multlogue is to echo and reinforce Fritz Schumcher's long ago critique of the inherent wastefulness of one size fits all centralization full stop! Let us help each other to combine our different experiences and expertise to create the next generation of diversified and client centered improved stove technologies as humanly possible ASAP.</div><div><br></div><div>My newest definition of<b> appropriate technology is the</b> <b>noble quest to democratize access to powers and benefits of science.</b> Think about what kind of an improved stove your client would design, fabricate and buy if he or she had access to all the different sciences and capacities which are represented on the BioEnergy Stove Discussion List! Diversity is a terrible thing to waste so let's get out of the way, improve our communication quotient and let the good times roll! Or is that "happy days are here again" I hear in the background??</div><div><br></div><div>In search and service,</div><div>Cecil E Cook</div><div>TechnoShare SA & USA . :</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Mon, May 29, 2017 at 2:57 AM, Nikhil Desai <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:pienergy2008@gmail.com" target="_blank">pienergy2008@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span>Paul:<br><br>Thank you for your courageous opinion exposing the underbelly of stove science funding. It has much more to do with the cycle of preconceived notions generating failed recommendations than just whether or not anthropologists are consulted or marketers placed between designers and vendors. <br><br></span>First about anthropology. I remember the pop sloganeering "observe and report, but do not alter the society." prevalent at the time (40 years ago). What seems to have happened - especially with anthropologists in what is called "sub-altern studies" and some renegades from the academe - is, if not "alter the society", at least alter the narratives about the history and the future of societies. A whole new wave of re-interpretation of the colonial experience has been going on for the last 30-odd years.<br><br>About stoves, I do think that "the people should design the stove" is quaint romanticism of a generation gone by. We can keep the spirit of inquiry without the baggage of teenage fancies. Social anthropologists have probably recognized that the slogan shouldn't be "the people should design the stove" but simply that "the people should be listened to, because only when they feel heard they would accept your questions and dare to challenge your questions and teach you what to ask."<span><br><br>All of it in vernacular languages, not in standard forms printed in English or French. <br><br></span>It is the joule-counters - doing energy balances and not collective mass balances or balance sheets -- who have continued to relish their infantile fantasies of protecting forests, chastity, lives, and climate ad nauseum. <br><br>Why? Why is it that tens of millions of dollars are wasted on purported "health impacts", secret contracts of UN Foundation, and advocating billions of dollars of subsidies for LPG and electricity, even marketing ludicrous "voluntary carbon" credits and aDALYs, but pathetically little on basic engineering of usable biomass stoves for households and non-household users?<span><br><br>We need to follow the money to understand how propaganda influences research funding decisions. Why else would the WBT have survived as long as it has, or ISO TC 285 work reduced to what Ranyee Chiang now calls "Living with Diversity" (ETHOS 2017)? <br><br>Living. With. Diversity. Code for acknowledging that it is not possible to force groupthink over scientists with an open mind. <br><br>How about that? :-) <br><br></span>Chiang shows three stages of alleged harmonization - "Discussions have led to greater agreement", "Try to reach agreement, and live with areas that can’t be aligned", and "When we have different priorities, be clear about what each of us means."<br><br>These are code words, respectively, for "We can't get people to agree" to "Give up trying to force slavish compliance to the indefensible", and "Some renegades must have ulterior motives". <br><br>Nice progress at the TC after more than five years. <br><br>I think bureaucrats of the aid industry -- principal culprits are in the US and European governments, with the make-merry charity foundations in the wine-dine-and-shine parties -- need to be held accountable for fooling too many people far too long. <br><br>With nothing to show. <br><br>Nikhil<span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><br></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span> </span></p><br><div class="gmail_extra"><div><div class="m_2646860673707257870m_-1016939609401085434gmail-m_-7497579919331998472gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><font face="georgia, serif">------------------------------<wbr>------------------------------<wbr>------------<br>Nikhil Desai</font></div><div><font face="georgia, serif">(India <a href="tel:+91%2090999%2052080" value="+919099952080" target="_blank">+91) 909 995 2080</a><br><i>Skype: nikhildesai888</i><br></font><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote"><span>On Sun, May 28, 2017 at 8:02 AM, Paul Anderson <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br></span><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div class="m_2646860673707257870h5">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Stovers,<span class="m_2646860673707257870m_-1016939609401085434gmail-m_-7497579919331998472gmail-"><br>
<br>
Relating to Ron's quest for questionnaires about stove research, he
wrote:
<blockquote type="cite"> I am NOT interested in standard stoves; I
want to know what was considered in the framework of TLUDs and
biochar -both by Probec and World Bank (and anyone else).</blockquote></span>
[Here is my OPINION, without much documentation.] When the people
(stove users) and the researchers do NOT have awareness of what are
TLUD stoves and their char-making capabilities, neither the people
nor the researchers will include in questionnaires the issues that
are most relevant to TLUDs / char making stoves.<br>
<br>
Back in my student days (1964), I considered becoming an
anthropologist. But I rejected that profession for me because the
instruction basically said "observe and report, but do not alter the
society." I wanted then and still do want to alter societies in
beneficial ways. I would not have been a good anthropologist. <br>
<br>
When NEW material is intentionally not presented because the
thinking is that "the people should design the stove", there is no
way that a regular cook is going to say "I would like a stove that
produces charcoal." Too foreign a concept. And if a questionnaire
asked "Would you like a stove that <b><u>makes </u></b>charcoal
while you are cooking?", there would certainly be puzzled looks,
maybe a few laughs, and the researcher would need to be prepared to
justify the absurdity of such a question. <br>
<br>
There are many die-hard knowledgeable Stovers (including those who
administer stove projects) who resist every aspect of TLUD stoves.
Why would they want questionnaires with questions that touch upon
TLUD issues? <br>
<br>
Even when research projects are being designed, for many years TLUD
micro-gasifier stoves were not included in the stoves for
consideration. And there are examples of projects that included
(and spent money on) poorly designed stoves that are marginally
TLUDs (Sampada is a leading example), and certainly did not include
the strongest TLUD-ND design (Champion, from India). Or they
think that ACE / Philips or Biolite represent forced air TLUD-FA
stoves.<br>
<br>
About the above paragraph, some readers of this message do not know
the differences between those named stoves, and yet they will make
decisions about what stoves to include in funded research. And the
results are weak because of poor decisions at the beginning.<br>
<br>
Ron, the questionnaires (if you find them) will not include many, if
any, questions that relate to TLUD issues. <br>
<br>
As I said, that is my OPINION.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<pre class="m_2646860673707257870m_-1016939609401085434gmail-m_-7497579919331998472gmail-m_-8444641044177650400moz-signature" cols="72">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a class="m_2646860673707257870m_-1016939609401085434gmail-m_-7497579919331998472gmail-m_-8444641044177650400moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: <a href="tel:(309)%20452-7072" value="+13094527072" target="_blank">+1-309-452-7072</a>
Website: <a class="m_2646860673707257870m_-1016939609401085434gmail-m_-7497579919331998472gmail-m_-8444641044177650400moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
<br>
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