<div dir="ltr">Cookstoves in the Kenyan news. An interesting article from Caroline Toroitich (cc'd in above). <div><br></div><div><br><div><h2 style="font-size:50px;margin:0px 0px 2.4px;font-family:ColfaxBold,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731063","Nimbus Sans TW01 Bold",Helvetica,sans-serif;line-height:50px;font-weight:100;color:rgb(51,51,51)">Modern stove in the kitchen our saviour</h2></div><div>''<span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:14px">By CAROLINE TOROITICH</span><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Of the issues informing global geopolitics and commerce, climate change and the dilemma of biofuels have a special place.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">But we tend to forget the device we use to cook and heat.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Only 6 per cent of Kenya’s nine million households can afford electric or LPG cookers. The rest depend on biomass-combusting jikos.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">These are the common jikos or hearths that mainly use firewood or charcoal and are mostly highly inefficient in combustion and heat preservation.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px"><span style="font-weight:700">HOUSEHOLD POLLUTION</span></p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Household air pollution, the World Health Organisation says, causes more than 15,000 deaths and an equal number of respiratory health complications yearly in Kenya, with women and children bearing the brunt.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Sadly, we hardly notice this phantom because that has been our lifestyle and the impact may not be immediate yet millions of people suffer silently.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Besides, inefficient stoves are wood guzzlers — meaning with an ever-growing population, depletion of the environment is higher.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Kenya loses 7,000 acres of woodland to cooking; we are not out of the woods yet (literally).</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px"><span style="font-weight:700">ROBUST POLICIES</span></p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Use of environment-friendly improved stoves that use less fuel and have minimal emissions can only be achieved in a streamlined setting with robust policies including strict standardisations and consumer awareness.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">That can be achieved by adopting the 2013 Improved Biomass Stoves regulations.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">The urgency of innovation and uptake of clean stoves in Kenya cannot be gainsaid in the wake of an imminent environmental Armageddon.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Kenya needs to take regional leadership in this sector. In the 1980s, the country developed the Kenya Ceramic Jiko — since adopted in countries such as Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda. But, three decades down the line, we have not improved our technology.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px"><span style="font-weight:700">MULTI-BILLION SECTOR</span></p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Thirty years in purgatory is a long time in research. Countries that are passionately engaged in research and innovation on stoves are exporting to us.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Cooking is a multibillion-shilling sector that is easily ignored. Yet every day we have to cook and heat.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Were our research and development robust, we would have a vibrant industry exporting stoves, employing our youth and saving the environment and our health.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Luckily, the civil society is leading a charm offensive in ensuring that a new regime of clean improved stoves becomes a reality in Kenya.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px"><span style="font-weight:700">STANDARDISATION</span></p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Standardisation will help to control entry and production of counterfeits and sub-standard jikos not only inefficient in combustion but deadly. Kenya Bureau of Standards has its work cut out for it.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">In all fairness, Kenya has an improved stove standard — KS1814: 2005 — that gives guidelines on safety, efficiency and durability. But it failed to recognise the genie of emission that lurks dangerously in millions of households.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">It’s commendable that, last year, the State waived duty on imported jikos. This is good but there is a challenge: The waiver is per consignment, requires the minister’s approval and tax reimbursement is cumbersome.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">This frustrates business. Also last year, the government cut import duty on stoves from 25 per cent to 10 per cent under the East Africa Community Common Market Protocol.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px"><span style="font-weight:700">EMPOWER ARTISANS</span></p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Kenya now needs to go the whole hog and zero-rate stoves.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">Importantly, we need to empower our artisans and manufacturers with the skills to produce stoves for domestic use and for export. </p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">With 70 per cent of our energy demands biomass against a wood deficit of 10 million tonnes, set to hit 15 million tonnes by 2030, we are headed for an energy crisis.</p></div><div style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:ColfaxRegular,"AvantGardeGothicITCW01B 731069","Nimbus Sans TW01",Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><p class="gmail-Noparagraphstyle" style="margin:0px 0px 15.6px;color:rgb(93,93,93);font-size:17px;font-family:Georgia,"ITC Century W01 Light";line-height:25px">We also need more effort towards alternative fuels, which can easily be developed from biomass waste — such as biomass pellets and briquettes.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><b><br></b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>Cookswell Jikos</b><br><a href="http://www.cookswell.co.ke" target="_blank">www.cookswell.co.ke</a></div><div><a href="http://www.facebook.com/CookswellJikos" target="_blank">www.facebook.com/CookswellJikos</a></div><div><a href="http://www.kenyacharcoal.blogspot.com" target="_blank">www.kenyacharcoal.blogspot.com</a></div><div>Mobile: +254 700 380 009 <br></div><div>Mobile: +254 700 905 913</div><div>P.O. Box 1433, Nairobi 00606, Kenya</div><div><img src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-mFnK50B4oS8/UUrgJle8z9I/AAAAAAAAB_o/OUjLd7wrKPg/s133/Cookswell+Logo.PNG" width="71" height="96"><br></div><div><font color="#008000" face="Tms Rmn">Save trees - think twice before printing</font><font size="1" color="#008000" face="Tms Rmn">.</font><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br><br><br></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Sep 28, 2017 at 8:24 PM, Nikhil Desai <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:pienergy2008@gmail.com" target="_blank">pienergy2008@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>Paul: <br><br>@ Philip's calculations: I am not used to kJ calculations, so this is how I understand: (100-15) refers to raising the water temperature from 15C to 100C and 4.186 is the conversion factor kJ/kCal. Wood LHVs are contextual and I imagine so too charcoal LHV, depending on the input and operating conditions. am not sure about his Case 2; a little confusing. <br></div><div><br>Anyway, Philip is introducing the concept of "system efficiency". This is radically different from "stove efficiency" whose computations there seem to be allocating different inputs to different outputs. <br><br>And you wrote of "FUEL efficiency measured by communities, not by single stoves."<br><br>Together, you two seem to suggest that whatever the lab tests and ISO TC 285 ratings, project design must be informed by appropriate contexts of fuel availability and relative costs, and a collective measure of "before" and "after" service requirements and community-level performance. <br><br>I may add that "communities" also include users of wood and charcoal other than household stoves. <br><br>It is ridiculous under CDM rules to have to destroy "old" cookstoves, or under Kirk Smith's rule to not permit "stacking". Projects with large enough % of users in a particular context, finding new cookstoves acceptable, cleaner, and usable enough to do many or most of the tasks from "old" cookstoves, are likely to yield measurable benefits promised. (Except climate benefits and aDALYs which are fictional.) <br><br>Boiling water for coffee this morning as the weather is turning cooler around here, I realized that even boiling water is a multi-purpose activity, the steam warming up the kitchen. A cookstove will often be used for multiple products and "single stove" efficiency ratings for just boiling water have no practical counterpart. Or meaningful application. <br><br>But we are on to the search for savior stoves. Let's pray. <br><br>Nikhil<br><br clear="all"><div class="gmail_extra"><div><div class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><font face="georgia, serif">------------------------------<wbr>------------------------------<wbr>------------<br>Nikhil Desai</font></div><div><span style="font-family:georgia,serif;font-size:small">(US <a href="tel:(202)%20568-5831" value="+12025685831" target="_blank">+1) 202 568 5831</a></span><font face="georgia, serif"><br><i>Skype: nikhildesai888</i><br></font><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Mon, Sep 25, 2017 at 8:41 AM, Paul Anderson <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
Philip<br>
<br>
I suspect something is not correct,<br>
<br>
1. In your example, the 0.395 kg wood contains 5930 kJ of total
energy.<br>
2. You calculate that the char produced would contain3163 kJ.
That would be 53.3% of the total energy is maintained in the char. <br>
3. Later you write that "the efficiency of char production would
have been ... 36.4%. <br>
<br>
I leave it for you and others check this out.<br>
<br>
3. At the end you say
<span><blockquote type="cite"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">this
would have been statistically indistinguishable from the
efficiency with no char production – i.e. it would have shown no
benefit to char production. </span></blockquote></span>
That statement could also be written "it would have shown no benefit
to cooking the regular, full-combustion way, without char
production." <br></div></blockquote><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;padding-left:1ex;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
And since produced char can be stored for later use, is essentially
smokeless cooking for ventilated "indoor" cooking, and can be used
for other purposes, cooking with char-producing stoves could be
viewed as having some benefits.<br>
<br>
I respect those of you who are good number crunchers and know the
formulae. Please comment on the above. I am here to learn.<span><br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<br>
<pre class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871m_4632430931129843934moz-signature" cols="72">Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871m_4632430931129843934moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: <a href="tel:(309)%20452-7072" value="+13094527072" target="_blank">+1-309-452-7072</a>
Website: <a class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871m_4632430931129843934moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
</span><div><div class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871h5"><div class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871m_4632430931129843934moz-cite-prefix">On 9/25/2017 4:29 AM, Philip Lloyd
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871m_4632430931129843934WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">I
carried out a thought experiment.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">In
case 1, a cookstove burning wood boiled 5 litres of water at
an energy efficiency of 30%. The useful energy provided was
5*4.186*(100-15) = 1779kJ. This required
5*4.186*(100-15)/0.3 = 5930kJ. If the as-fired wood had a
LHV of 15MJ/kg, it would have needed 5930/15000 = 0.395kg
wood<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">In
case 2, the same stove was operated to produce charcoal
while also boiling 5litres of water. More wood would be
needed, because not all the wood would be combusted – some
would be left as char. If you fed 0.395kg wood to be turned
into char at 29% efficiency, and the char had an LHV of
28MJ/kg, then the char would have an energy of
0.395*28000*0.29=3163kJ. The wood from which it was prepared
had an energy content of 5930kJ, which was what was needed
to boil the water in the absence of char production. So
5930-3163 = 2768kJ of additional energy* would be needed to
boil the water if there was char production. At 15MJ/kg,
this is 2768/15000 = 0.185kg extra wood, or an increase of
47% in the wood supply. The total energy supplied would then
be 5930+2768 = 8698kJ. The energy efficiency of cooking
would therefore fall to 1779/8698*100 = 20.5%, while the
efficiency of char production would have been 3163/8698*100
= 36.4%. The system efficiency would have been 20.5+36.4 =
56.9%<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">If
you used the WBT formula, the efficiency of boiling with
char production would have been 1779/(8968-3163)*100 =
32.1%. Given the measurement errors inherent in the WBT
method, this would have been statistically indistinguishable
from the efficiency with no char production – i.e. it would
have shown no benefit to char production. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">Prof
Philip Lloyd<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">Energy
Institute, CPUT<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">PO
Box 1906<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">Bellville
7535<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">Tel
021 959 4323<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">Cell
083 441 5247<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">PA
Nadia 021 959 4330<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt">*This
assumes that there is no endotherm in the pyrolysis of wood
in the presence of air, and that all the pyrolysis products
except the char burn to provide heat. There is evidence in
the literature of no endotherm in the presence of air.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border-width:1pt medium medium;border-style:solid none none;border-color:rgb(181,196,223) currentColor currentColor;padding:3pt 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:windowtext;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";font-size:10pt">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color:windowtext;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";font-size:10pt"> Stoves
[<a class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871m_4632430931129843934moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.b<wbr>ioenergylists.org</a>] <b>On
Behalf Of </b>Paul Anderson<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, September 24, 2017 11:27 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a class="m_-4657939499238280033gmail-m_2269950885845606436m_-7584573652884598908m_7698246671613159871m_4632430931129843934moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:ndesai@alum.mit.edu" target="_blank">ndesai@alum.mit.edu</a>; Andrew Heggie; Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] stoves and credits again<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Philip, Tom and all,<br>
<br>
Philip is mostly correct. Actually wood takes up (has) too
much WEIGHT. Wood has 3 times (or more, if the char is poorly
made) the ENERGY value of charcoal that could come from that
char. But it has about 5 times the DRY weight of the char,
plus there can be 20 to 50% moisture content to make the wood
even heavier. <br>
<br>
And the charcoal has almost double (30 vs. 16) the energy
content by weight, but char is so much lighter per unit of
volume. So the trucks are buldging upward and sideways with
the sacks of charcoal strapped to them. Weight of charcoal is
not a problem for most transport.<br>
<br>
Apart from the transportation issue, I believe that the appeal
of charcoal is that it does not smoke (not much). CO is
invisible and deadly, but the people learn to cook on the
balcony or keep some air flowing. And it does not turn the
bottom of the pots black.<br>
<br>
Charcoal is an attractive fuel. Too bad it is made by
processes that throw away 2/3rds of the energy. (So, let's
promote TLUD stroves and collect the char for sale to the
urban folks. Only one third of the cutting of wood/forest.) <br>
<br>
So, if 100,000 households (mainly in rural or peri-urban
areas) would use TLUDs, the resultant char would equal to the
energy needed for an approximately equal number of households
(mainly urban) that would want to burn charcoal. <br>
<br>
Now that would be FUEL efficiency measured by communities, not
by single stoves.<br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<pre>Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD<u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu" target="_blank">psanders@ilstu.edu</a><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>Skype: paultlud Phone: <a href="tel:(309)%20452-7072" value="+13094527072" target="_blank">+1-309-452-7072</a><u></u><u></u></pre>
<pre>Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com" target="_blank">www.drtlud.com</a> <u></u><u></u><br> </pre></div></blockquote></div></div></div><br>
<br>
<br></blockquote></div><br></div></div></div>
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