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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>China is making a substantial effort to reduce air pollution. We have just completed the “2<sup>nd</sup> China-Asian Workshop on Biochar Production and Application for Green Agriculture -From Technology to Viable Systems” at Nanjing University and the International Biochar Initiative Asia-China center. Scientists and companies from around the region attended. We visited plants converting straws, manure, and biosolids to biochar and biochar fertilizers. China has invested in many biochar plants in Northern China, primarily to reduce air pollution, improve yields and soil fertility, and sequester carbon. They are currently building about 50 biochar plants. They have located a biochar plant in each of several provinces. They have tested the biochar fertilizer products in the field at more than 300 sites with impressive results. They have set up farmer coops and businesses to collect and densify crop residues at harvest. The pellets are used to store the straw and improve the efficiency for the process used to make the biochar, recover oils and vinegars, and convert the biochar into fertilizers that can be used by local for fertilizers. They have methods to account for the sequestered carbon. They grow more food with less fertilizer while reducing air pollution and sequestering carbon. Last year they converted 200,000 tons of crop residues to biochar. This year they expect to convert 800,000 tons of crop residues to biochar and biochar products. That is expected to grow to three million tons within five years. It is profitable for the farmers and for the biochar fertilizer companies. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Organizations through the region will be working with the International Biochar Association to demonstrate ways to reduce are pollution from crop residues by converting part of the residue to biochar and biochar products to smallholders and large crop producers. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Tom <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Chair</span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailEndCompose'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>, </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailEndCompose'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>International Biochar Initiative</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailEndCompose'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailEndCompose'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><img width=58 height=42 style='width:.6041in;height:.4375in' id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D36313.893B4E10" alt="Logo Final"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailEndCompose'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailEndCompose'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p><span style='mso-bookmark:_MailEndCompose'></span><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> Stoves [mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, November 21, 2017 9:22 PM<br><b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves <stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Air pollution in cities<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>Dear Nikhil<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'>I used to live in Ibadan, Nigeria. During the Harmattan the air turns into a permanent (so it seems) copy of a Delhi photo. It is perfectly natural and perfectly dreadful. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222'>"On its passage over the Sahara, it picks up fine dust and sand particles (between 0.5 and 10 microns).ý"</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222'>"In some countries in West Africa, the heavy amount of dust in the air can severely limit visibility and block the sun for several days,</span><sup><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan#cite_note-8"><span style='font-family:"inherit",serif;color:#5A3696;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline'>[8]</span></a></span></sup><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222'> comparable to a heavy </span><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog" title=Fog><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#5A3696;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'>fog</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222'>.ý"</span><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan">https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmattan</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Yup. Sounds right. Now, is the burning of agricultural wastes natural too? Is everything people do unnatural? Cooking too?<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Regards <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Crispin <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal>ý<o:p></o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Crispin:<br><br><a href="https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FTechnology%2FUrRkv3afeGi3Xt5hXKTFGK%2FClean-air-is-not-a-luxury.html&data=02%7C01%7Ccrispinpigott%40outlook.com%7C06c1bc30d31c4473098d08d530c362b1%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636468538083757936&sdata=qE85ZwyzrXoQsJFJoX4OIIVgMqZE8b8Wv6MV6uY5RnM%3D&reserved=0">Clean air is not a luxury</a> Vishal Mathur Mint 14 November 2017.<br><br>I don't know what death chamber like conditions are. But no single technology is an answer to air pollution which varies by season, day, time of day, location, mobility. <br><br>There are proper methods for air quality monitoring and air modeling, then a cost and schedule program has to be generated for each location. Some fuel or activity bans may work, and episodic situations like Delhi recently require emergency response measures. Just look up EPA color codes and local government responsibilities. <br><br>A 40-year program. Little to do with ISO Tier 4 PM2.5 ERT. <br><br>You ought to be in Delhi in a sand storm period to appreciate that the picture in Anil's essay conveys the right image. Leave aside toxicity arguments for WHO. <br><br>Nikhil<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Georgia",serif'>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>Nikhil Desai</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-family:"Georgia",serif'>(US +1) 202 568 5831<br><i>Skype: nikhildesai888</i></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Mon, Nov 20, 2017 at 10:11 AM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" target="_blank">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Dear Anil</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>I think this is a bit over the top:</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>“This did not allow the smog and dust to disperse into higher atmosphere, thereby creating death chamber like conditions on the ground.”</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>It is common hear claims that breathing air in such-and-such a place is “like smoking 2 packs of cigarettes a day”. I provided here at least one calculation of what people are exposed to in a city.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>First, PM is not equally toxic. The agricultural residue burning makes really ‘bad smoke’ stinging the eyes at 400 µg/m3. Coal smoke and vehicle smoke has nothing like the same effect, with the proviso that coal smoke varies a lot depending on what the source device is. Having experienced 3000 µg/m3 I can report that stubble burning is way worse than coal smoke.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Second, just because someone places a number on paper does not make people sick. People who have ‘pre-existing conditions’ are at risk from all sorts of things. One of my childhood neighbours, an adult woman, was allergic to house dust and lived in a hermetically sealed home – but smoked! There is no pleasing some people…</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>So…the photo in the article is taken over a long distance and zoomed, so you are looking ‘through’ perhaps a km or more of air. The BBC frequently shows pictures in Beijing taken in the same way – showing morning mist as ‘pollution’ when there really isn’t much to show. How bad is Delhi air compared with living in an apartment in which one person smokes? Do the math. There is no city air as bad as sharing a flat with a smoker.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>The smouldering garbage and wet leaves story is typical of <i>real</i> pollution in cities. Absolutely awful with a huge emission rate per kg. The inversion in Delhi is a good example of what happens in Ulaanbaatar in winter – daily. Sometimes there is no wind, like last winter. Living in the city was like smoking Ľ of a cigarette per day in terms of exposure. I am not recommending it, but it is completely untrue that it is like ‘smoking 2 packs a day’. </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>What rubbish.</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Anil, what is the right balance to portray between factual alarm and alarming facts?</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Thanks</span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#888888'>Crispin</span><span lang=EN-CA style='color:#888888'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span lang=EN-CA><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA>My blog which appeared as front page news in Huffington Post. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA><a href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fm.huffingtonpost.in%2Fdr-anil-k-rajvanshi%2Fthere-are-various-ways-devised-in-india-itself-to-reduce-pollution-from-stubble-burning_a_23281512%2F%3Futm_hp_ref%3Din-homepage&data=02%7C01%7Ccrispinpigott%40outlook.com%7C48d1d810b735421177c808d52ffc58c3%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636467683224884788&sdata=zmIWiqX3Z47qDluqiBnaEc9haY7z50uaiyodY1KLu4M%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://m.huffingtonpost.in/dr-anil-k-rajvanshi/there-are-various-ways-devised-in-india-itself-to-reduce-pollution-from-stubble-burning_a_23281512/?utm_hp_ref=in-homepage</a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA>Cheers. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span lang=EN-CA>Anil Rajvanshi <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br><a href="https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flists.bioenergylists.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fstoves_lists.bioenergylists.org&data=02%7C01%7Ccrispinpigott%40outlook.com%7C06c1bc30d31c4473098d08d530c362b1%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636468538083757936&sdata=LMuscaPiy980YbW7TgH7VLKo1Noq00KcgmHLewGeKBQ%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br><a href="https://nam03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstoves.bioenergylists.org%2F&data=02%7C01%7Ccrispinpigott%40outlook.com%7C06c1bc30d31c4473098d08d530c362b1%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636468538083757936&sdata=ozHYs%2FwZiORdL7xM7%2BFLidxLd5nqLPT%2FuOrCmmGMoNU%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></div></body></html>