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<p class="MsoPlainText">Dear Andrew<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">TLUD makers may want to save this post in order to explain why biomass can, under certain conditions, be converted to char without the addition of air. If you cannot see the whole spreadsheet paste-in, or if it is folded, widen the window
or zoom out.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">CPP>>There is enough oxygen in biomass to almost completely combust the hydrogen content.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">AJH>Doh not that hoary canard again, all the hydrogen in wood is already bonded to an oxygen or carbon atom, oxygen has to be added to extract heat from the wood. The same is true for other partially oxidised hydrocarbons like methanol,
acetone or ether.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">Yeah we were here before, and I save you the embarrassment of pointing out your error. Still, you insist, so here is something from a your proper chemist.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">Biomass can be characterised using a standard formula using C:H:O:S:N:Ash in a fixed ratio. The energy derivable from it can be approximated using the following formula:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">HHV (in kJ/g) = + 0.3491C + 1.41 H - 0.1034 O + 0.1005 S - 0.0151 N - 0.0211 A
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">(Ref. Dr Tom Reed – the proper chemist. I only managed A Levels chemistry.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">The minus sign in front of the O is the energy that must be invested in the reaction to separate it from the cellulose/lignin/etc in the biomass (on average).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">Note that the signs for Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulphur are positive. Note also that Oxygen’s negative is balanced almost exactly by Sulphur's net positive contribution. Nitrogen is a little net negative, as is
ash.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">There is <i>very</i> little sulphur in biomass, but in spite of that, there is almost enough energy in that tiny bit to pull out all the Oxygen from the biomass and make it available to the Hydrogen and Carbon.
In fact a bit of H has to be burned by the O to release the last bit of O. That means should the sulphur be oxidised using the little O it needs, enough energy is released to make all the rest of the O available to burn other things. (In practise some of the
S would remain bonded to the C.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">So let’s burn some biomass (on paper) using Dr Reed’s formula. I will calculate directly the LHV on the far right to save time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="787" style="width:590.0pt;border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Sample Hardwood and Softwood<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Moisture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">H2O
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">C<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">H<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">O<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">S<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">N<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Ash<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Total<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">LHV<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Eucalyptus Camaldulensis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">10.0%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">10.0%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">44.18%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">5.28%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">39.57%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.01%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.27%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.68%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">100.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">16.17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">With 0% fuel moisture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">49.09%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">5.87%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">43.97%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.01%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.30%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.76%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">100.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">18.26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">So, there is lots of energy available if we burn the wood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">Suppose we remove or not burn and of the carbon, leaving only the other elements. That will give us the energy available from the non-carbon fraction, virtually all of which is released during pyrolysis. In
this next case I am going to double the mass of fuel so the non-carbon fraction is 1 kg. I am doing that because the carbon I will assume to be inert, not absent. I want to see how much energy is available from the combustion of 1 kg of “non-carbon” which
is approximately 2 kg of dry wood. This is the reaction that takes place in a ‘perfect’ char making pyrolysis front wherein 100% of the carbon is retained in the form of char.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="787" style="width:590.0pt;border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Sample Hardwood and Softwood<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Moisture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">H2O
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">C<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">H<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">O<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">S<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">N<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Ash<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Total<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">LHV<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Eucalyptus Camaldulensis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">10.0%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">10.0%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">10.38%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">77.73%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.02%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.53%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">1.34%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">100.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">1.72<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">With 0% fuel moisture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">11.53%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">86.37%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.02%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.59%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">1.49%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">100.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">2.20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">With no moisture at all there is 2.2 MJ/kg of net energy available to drive pyrolysis. With 10% moisture in the wood, there is still (net) 1.72 MJ/kg available to drive a pyrolysis reaction using only the oxygen
in the fuel and burning none of the carbon at all. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">The output is NO, SO<sub>2</sub>, a little H<sub>2</sub>S, and H<sub>2</sub>O. If we were to burn the hydrogen only, there is enough oxygen available to burn 93.6% of it in this species. It is the heat from
this process that delivers the net 2.2 MJ available from pyrolysis. There is an H:O ratio below which there is not enough heat generated to drive the pyrolysis without adding air. That ratio does not occur in biomass because there is always a little excess
hydrogen available.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">If one was using 5% moisture wood pellets the net reaction energy available would be 1.96 MJ/kg LHV. This is
<b><i>easily</i></b> enough to drive a pyrolysis reaction in an insulated space indefinitely without air provided there was a continuous supply of biomass fuel available. It might not work well with a descending front. We can check. It will definitely work
with a horizontal or rising front (BLDD and sideways). In the case of a forest fire, the process is largely sideways and can continue for days underground, fueled by the dry roots. Underground coal seam fires use a different chemical pathway, although it is
also an MPF. A few are known to have burned for centuries with no air.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">For those interested to know at what moisture level (WWB) the energy from pyrolysing wood is net zero (assuming you could get it started) the answer is:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="768" style="width:576.0pt;border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><b><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Sample Hardwood and Softwood<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Moisture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">H2O
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">C<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">H<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">O<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="43" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:32.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">S<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">N<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Ash<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Total<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">LHV<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Eucalyptus Camaldulensis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">46.0%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">46.0%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">6.23%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">46.64%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="43" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:32.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.01%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.32%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.81%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">100.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="216" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:162.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">With 0% fuel moisture<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="65" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:49.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="53" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:40.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">11.53%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="61" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:46.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">86.37%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="43" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:32.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.02%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:38.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">0.59%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:41.0pt;background:#C5D9F1;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">1.49%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="57" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:43.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">100.00%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="47" nowrap="" valign="bottom" style="width:35.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.4pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="text-align:right"><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">2.20<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">At this level of moisture, it would take all the available energy from reactions to completely dry the fuel and leave 100% of the carbon behind.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">>I won't trouble to correct the other spin in your post other than to agree with Paul that we all understand the a descending or migratory pyrolysis front became a term used to describe Top Lit UpDraughtand isn't nor was ever used in
other contexts.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">I will respond to this later. I am checking with a real gasification scientist first.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoPlainText">Andrew<o:p></o:p></p>
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