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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Thanks for providing that reference Crispin. I may not read it though since it must be purchased and I am not sure if I’ll get approval to buy it since cookstoves
are not in my mandate here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">It is worth noting that my model is based on automatic feed boilers at steady state operation. We will have to address the batch fed non-steady state problem
as we go forward, which clearly you are working on for some time now.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">It is also worth noting that the only way I could get the model to work properly was to define boundary conditions for the inlet (or reactants) and outlet (or
products) of the combustion process. I decided to use the definitions for HHV and LHV as adapted below and use 25°C as my boundary condition temperature to get full accounting of all mass and energy, since it is analogous with the lab data from a bomb calorimeter
in determining HHV. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Higher heating value (HHV) –
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">also called gross calorific value (GCV). Represents the energy provided from a unit mass of fuel when the fuel is combusted at 25
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">°</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">C, and then the combustion products are cooled back to 25
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">°</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">C consisting of:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="line-height:115%">Liquid water in phase equilibrium with its vapour<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="line-height:115%">Gaseous CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, and O<sub>2</sub><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left:.75in;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="line-height:115%;font-family:Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="line-height:115%">Solid ash<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Lower heating value (LHV) –</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> also called net calorific value (NCV). Represents the energy provided from a unit mass of fuel when the fuel is combusted at 25
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">°</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt">C, and water remains entirely in the vapour phase, therefore not transferring any of the latent heat of vaporization. All other combustion products are in the same state as described
for the higher heating value.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Thanks, Steven<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Crispin Pemberton-Pigott [mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> December 18, 2017 12:42 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> MHAtech@yahoogroups.com; Law, Steven (MOECC)<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Ronal W. Larson; Discussion of biomass; Sauve, Terrence (OMAFRA); John Ackerly<br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: [MHAtech] Re: [Stoves] Top lit updraft combustors<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Note to all:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I caution that when calculating the HHV using either the EPA’s formula or, if in the Far East, the Chinese method in their national standards, both are using a constant for fuel moisture compensation
in the HHV formula that is incorrect (and in disagreement). This was discussed in an analysis of several test methods in Zhang, Y et al 2014 p.7/11 and a correction proposed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">“KEY DIFFERENCES OF PERFORMANCE TEST PROTOCOLS FOR HOUSEHOLD BIOMASS COOKSTOVES”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">DOI:
</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/DUE.2014.6827753" target="_blank">10.1109/DUE.2014.6827753</a></span><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">The proposed correction
</span><span lang="EN-US">concerns the constant used to adjust the cooling of condensed water vapour from 100</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">˚</span><span lang="EN-US">C to normal temperature. The EPA and Chinese methods
in essence have it that room temperature is 52 and 60.5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">˚</span><span lang="EN-US">C respectively.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For the LHV there is a second issue: many calculated Lower Heating Values include a value for the condensation of water vapour to liquid but omit the cooling of the water to normal temperature. The difference is about
60kJ. One of the most accessible tables of biomass, HHV and LHV values is at the back of the Water Boiling Test, versions 3.x to 4.x. All the values in the back are based on a ‘standard deduction’ not a calculation from the analysis of the fuel. The “standard
deduction” from the HHV is 1.32 MJ per kg. Not only is the value almost always not correct for the condensation energy, it also omits the 60kJ from the deduction.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">This omission was noted in Sam Baldwin’s book in 1987 but was never incorporated into the WBT calculations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">++++++++++++<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In this study, different ways of testing household<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">biomass cooking stoves are compared and analyzed.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The differences between test methods relate to the stove<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">operation and data analysis methods, the fueling<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">procedure, the end point selection, the choice of metrics<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">and others factors. The influences of these differences<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">were analyzed by using an induction heater. The results<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">show the use of a pot lid or not, and the selection of the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">end point of the test have the greatest influence on the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">rated performance. Consequently test results provided<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">by laboratories using different test methods will place<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">the same stove-plus-fuel combination on significantly<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">different performance ‘tiers’. Also the results show<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">some metrics in popular tests should be reviewed. Some<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">recommendations are provided for improving the<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">accuracy and repeatability of test<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">+++++++<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Thanks, Steven. That's great.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Our experience with domestic-scale cordwood in masonry heaters (50 lb batches @20% moisture) is that the "boiling of water" or latent heat loss is typically in the 13% range, using the Condar spreadsheet HHV calculation
<a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fheatkit.com%2Fdocs%2Fcondar.PDF&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9d752582db6d47f6399f08d546367aa5%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636492122151013754&sdata=asRt6%2FrP3ifNJ%2FMqKKXwWHGyOBbjxzV4xMjitTc6Sqs%3D&reserved=0">
heatkit.com/docs/condar.PDF</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, Dec 18, 2017 at 11:24 AM, Law, Steven (MOECC) <<a href="mailto:Steven.Law@ontario.ca" target="_blank">Steven.Law@ontario.ca</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D">Hello all,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D">I have finally completed a proper study of reporting efficiency using LHV and HHV. It was much more complicated than I thought it would be, and now I
know why this is such a mess!</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D">Just remember that HHV is always less than LHV, and anything above 100% is WRONG and cannot possibly conserve energy or mass and is therefore unscientific.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D">When an LHV efficiency from Europe is 90% (which is actually a reasonable number), the HHV efficiency is a maximum of 84% or usually less, depending
on the moisture content of the wood fuel and is more typically 75-80%. This is important, HHV efficiency is extremely dependent on fuel moisture whereas LHV is less so, but only for non-condensing boilers.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D">Again, this is for non-condensing combustion devices, because when you throw in high efficiency condensing heat recovery all the numbers get screwy and
LHV no longer applies. Everything has to be re-done for condensing boilers and only HHV can be used, I will repeat LHV cannot be used for anything where condensation of the flue gas occurs in the heat recovery device!</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D">I think I have a proper engineering calculation procedure mapped out to deal with all of the above issues and I will begin to roll this out a little
bit at a time since I need to review it again before sending anything out. It is a scientific method that is based on conservation of mass and energy and I hope that this new calculation procedure will help to solve some current problems in the industry.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:#1F497D">Best regards, Steven</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Norbert Senf<br>
Masonry Stove Builders<br>
25 Brouse Road, RR 5<br>
Shawville Québec J0X 2Y0<br>
819.647.5092<br>
<a href="https://eur02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heatkit.com&data=02%7C01%7C%7C9d752582db6d47f6399f08d546367aa5%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636492122151013754&sdata=gxkaGDly5HpdqTu6bxTy6HZRAO67QM8XRp%2BVftSLG4E%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank">www.heatkit.com</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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