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<div><font face="sans-serif">Dr. Heggie</font></div>
<div><font face="sans-serif">May i have the full citation for </font></div>
<div>"Beale wood science 1974"</div>
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<div>Thank you</div>
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<div id="x_composer_signature">Scott C. Zager, Plant Ecologist
<div>Wildlands Ecological Services</div>
<div>651.261.2398</div>
<div>scott.zager@wildlands.biz </div>
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<div>-------- Original message --------</div>
<div>From: Andrew Heggie <aj.heggie@gmail.com> </div>
<div>Date: 12/29/17 7:53 AM (GMT-07:00) </div>
<div>To: Discussion of biomass cooking stoves <stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org> </div>
<div>Subject: Re: [Stoves] LPG import in India </div>
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<div class="PlainText">On 29 December 2017 at 02:03, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br>
<crispinpigott@outlook.com> wrote:<br>
> I don't think it's that difficult.<br>
><br>
> The highest I have heard of is 45% which much be very high in volatiles. 35% yield with 15% volatiles is 30% carbon which is a 40% carbon loss.<br>
><br>
> That's not so difficult, is it?<br>
<br>
It looks impossible to me unless there is a wood with very high lignin<br>
content. we'd need a bomb calorimeter to get empirical data. You can<br>
increase yield by increasing pressure and residence time in larger<br>
lumps as some of the tars will crack and deposit soot in the char<br>
matrix.<br>
<br>
I have easily made a char from pine with a char weight of 45% of the<br>
original dry weight, in a bean tin in my wood stove at home, but it<br>
burns with a yellow flame suggestion a high tar content. From Beale<br>
wood science 1974 ( bearing in mind this cites hardwoods and pine is a<br>
conifer) it interpolates as a formation temperature of about 400C[1].<br>
Again interpolating this in a graph by Pohl 1970 suggests there is<br>
stil around 15% oxygen present by weight which will reduce the energy<br>
content by mass. I have an unattributed table which details the energy<br>
yield per unit mass for charcoal from acacia busei being 29.88 MJ/kg<br>
at 400C with a 28% yield.<br>
<br>
<br>
[1] this bears a bit of thinking about as Tom Reed suggested this is<br>
in the 330C-440C exothermic region so we might expect the temperature<br>
to rise to 440 with no other intervention<br>
<br>
Andrew ( post may be a bit disjointed as I broke off for my cold 50th<br>
anniversary bike motorbike ride, it didn't worry me when I was 16 ;-))<br>
<br>
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