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<font color="#262626">Dear Paul</font></div>
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<font color="#262626">Thanks for that. There are so many shibboleths in the Economist piece and Kirk's introduction it is not possible to take the time to disabuse each of them.</font></div>
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<span style="text-align: initial; line-height: initial;"><font face="Calibri, Slate Pro, sans-serif, sans-serif">"E</font></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; text-align: initial; line-height: initial;">ven the most efficient
wood stoves expose cooks to many times the level of smoke that the World Health Organisation regards as safe. Mr Mortimer was involved in a large trial in Malawi, using a top-of-the-line stove, which found no evidence of an effect on rates of childhood pneumonia."</span></div>
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We have discussed the study to which he refers already. The Economist has it that a 'top of the line' wood stove should overcome the effects of pollution from other sources including the burning of garbage, AND that wood smoke is a cause of childhood pneumonia.
Phew!
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<div>Well, if they wanted evidence of removing smoke from the room affecting 'childhood pneumonia' why not rather have quoted the Fresh Air study in Kyrgyzstan showing that improved stoves burning dung, wood and coal reduced childhood pneumonia to zero? If
you already believe that pneumonia is caused by smoke, why cite a study that proved nothing because of confounding factors instead of one that did?</div>
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</div>
<div>Or is this just an LPG marketing campaign intended to call subsidies a 'social investment'? I could just as well 'socially invest' in highly improved dung and wood and coal stoves that deliver the desired result instead of one's that didn't. </div>
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<div>The Malawi study did not 'prove something' by its failure to demonstrate a particular anticipated (prophesied) benefit. The beneficiaries were just as exposed to smoke as before without the super stoves because that is real life, and as Nikhil frequently
pointed out, to manage air pollution you need a comprehensive airshed management strategy. A stove is not a pill nor an inoculation nor an air pollution management strategy. </div>
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<div>The 'social investment' in improved liquid fuels and stoves in Indonesia nearly bankrupted the government. Why? Because it was a subsidy! Billions a year! When they switched from subsidizing kerosene to subsidizing LPG the billions continued to flow and
it has still a massive cost to the nation, limiting it's ability to provide education, health care, shelter and infrastructure. Those are additional social investments that are unaffordable because of the subsidies given to LPG providers. </div>
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<div>The poor don't use LPG because it is expensive and or inconvenient to refill. If you want to have everyone use LPG, first make them rich. Ask them if they would rather have free education or free LPG, or free electricity, or free food. </div>
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<div>The 'Give it up' campaign transfers the cost of the subsidies from government to individuals who are willing to share the cost of LPG with their fellows. That is quite a different thing from rolling out 50m free 'connections' as they have euphemistically
called them. If all that was missing was a 'connection' the plan is admirable. Let's see how many of the connected continue to cook with gas and not wood. </div>
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<div>The proof of a pudding is in the cooking. Let's watch this space. The best thing I have seen to date is the 'improved kitchen' campaign in Indonesia as implemented by YDD. It turns horrible smoky kitchens into delightful, clean <span style="line-height: initial;">living
spaces and doesn't require a subsidy. </span></div>
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<div>Regards </div>
<div>Crispin </div>
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<div id="_originalContent" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Stovers,<br>
<br>
Please read the message below from Kirk Smith, and the recent article from The Economist.
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I add: Both Smith and the Economist totally ignore the proven capabilities of the TLUD stoves, which are gas-burning stoves that make their own gas from the dry biomass fuels that both Smith and the Economist recognise as being abundant, locally available,
and affordable (using about half of the same fuel that the families are currently using.).<br>
<br>
And the West Bengal Champion TLUD stove projects, now with 38,000 stoves in daily use, are financially beneficial to the low-income households, earning money with the sale of the charcoal by-product and the sale of verified carbon offsets. TLUD stoves would
be a major "social inversment" and not a "subsidy". <br>
<br>
Paul<br>
<div class="moz-forward-container">
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Doc / Dr TLUD / Prof. Paul S. Anderson, PhD
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a>
Skype: paultlud Phone: +1-309-452-7072
Website: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drtlud.com&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cc662ba39b7ae416287da08d59dbdc9ff%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636588360821941726&sdata=JNXJrpnYRl578GxClbJQd1WW0mTyVdGSNZ0L1bxrMQ4%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.drtlud.com" shash="i36cTo5d6fKN4QV7amQOGLHRXV/oiAdGLJW7PKtXiPSeV21k/7Jpt1oBv9lBNs9XZIh7J5CvNAD89u98tuo8VIwvLwUQVP59gTKzD4fad7AAyjVYTvXYVJhnm1ZD5gOYB4n2X3i6Hf8lpFmP8Raqq7yqej/RoYVkZywGljZqfqA=" target="_BLANK">www.drtlud.com</a></pre>
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-------- Forwarded Message --------
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<th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE" align="RIGHT">Subject: </th>
<td>[stove and climate] The Economist weighs in</td>
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<th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE" align="RIGHT">Date: </th>
<td>Sun, 8 Apr 2018 17:50:02 -0700</td>
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<th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE" align="RIGHT">From: </th>
<td>Kirk Smith<br>
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<th nowrap="nowrap" valign="BASELINE" align="RIGHT">To: </th>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Mostly about Africa, but does, somewhat reluctantly, admit that India is making serious progress. Important corrections/additions to the India portion
are that the (now) 36 million new connections under the national program since 2015 count only those newly provided to below-poverty-line households and are on track to achieve 80+ million by 2020. This is coming up to half a billion poor people, if achieved.
This is on top of “normal” growth in the middle class, which will probably equal some 30 million households in his period.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">The
<i>Economist</i> of course does not like subsidies, as is clear in the article, but this article fails to fully acknowledge India’s work to transform “subsidy” to “social investment” in this sector, through much more efficient targeting. In addition, through
its first initiative as part of the new set of national LPG programs, the Give It Up campaign, the net impact on government expenditure overall will be essentially zero compared to maintaining subsidies as they were. A brilliant and somewhat magical transformation
of an awkward embarrassing drag on the economy (subsidies) to direct social investment for the poor.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Much more to be said and by no means without problems, but too bad the Indian program did not receive more coverage here. Good to see this article,
but from the <i>Economist </i>standpoint, one might think a transformed vision of “subsidies” via modern IT is the bigger story/k</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Economist</span></i><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">, April 5, 2018</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:#e3120b">How the other half cooks</span><span style="">: Household smoke may be the world’s deadliest environmental hazard</span><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt; background:white"><i><span style="">Global campaigns have failed to change how poor people heat their food</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:15.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black"><img id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:part1.724A2ABE.6900F704@ilstu.edu" alt="https://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/images/print-edition/20180407_FNP003_0.jpg" class="" height="1080" width="1920"></span><span style="font-size:15.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:#121212"><a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fsections%2Finternational&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cc662ba39b7ae416287da08d59dbdc9ff%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636588360821941726&sdata=cx7bDDlEcJQu3IHTClgOrNQt5DM5TB6Uz9cEqrWOviw%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.economist.com/sections/international" shash="nbXZuaTjl/19VrCc7ol65NEGVUlmr5OwIEhq57AfZNaSJKZePA1kiazDX3PafDaaIfMTtViq4vlCqJHJW/3u++gPjY5h3RYpfzIR9Y2PR4gSRc1K/4SlZ7n9Xg8mHtlorqSaI4/ORDeGNlQFqLZXHmc7nHAob1bIocJMBHdpQro=" target="_BLANK"><span style="color:#3e51b5; text-decoration:none"> Print
edition | International</span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:#121212"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:#7a7a7a; letter-spacing:.2pt">SOKONE, SENEGAL</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:#121212">:
</span><span style="">IMAGINE building a small pile of wood and kindling in the smallest room in your house, and setting fire to it. You can keep the door open, to let out some smoke, but cannot switch on an extractor fan. You must tend the fire for an hour.
Repeat the process three times a day.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:#121212"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">This is how Fatou N’Dour lives. Her kitchen, separate from her home and built of mud bricks, measures roughly two metres by two. She usually cooks indoors because of the winds that whip across Lambayene,
the village where she lives in central Senegal. Asked about ventilation, she points to a hole in one wall, which is about ten centimetres square. Other women in the village cook rice, couscous and meaty sauces in similar conditions, using wood from a nearby
forest.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Wood and charcoal in Africa; coal in East Asia; wood and animal dung in South Asia—in much of the world, food is heated by burning primitive solid fuels. Each fire is tiny, but the International Energy
Agency (IEA), a Paris-based research group, estimates that 5% of the world’s primary energy demand in 2016 was supplied by “traditional solid biomass”. Wind turbines and solar panels combined generated less than half as much energy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">The awful effects of these fires begin with their impact on human health. Household smoke is thought to be the world’s most lethal environmental problem, killing 2.6m people a year. Where wood and
charcoal are burned, trees often disappear. Africa loses some 0.5% of its forests every year, a higher rate of destruction than South America’s. Soot from domestic fires also warms the planet, particularly when it settles on snow. Black carbon like that from
dirty cookstoves is thought to be the third most important cause of climate change after carbon dioxide and methane.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Governments, aid agencies and charities have for decades tried to coax people towards cleaner fuels like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and electricity. Those who must burn wood and dung are prodded
to do so in more efficient stoves.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Progress has been astoundingly slow. Since 2000 the number of people living in extreme poverty has plunged from 1.7bn to about 600m. Neonatal deaths have fallen by 49%. Yet the number of people heating
their food with dirty fuels has stuck at 2.5bn-2.8bn, according to the IEA, largely because of growth in Africa (see chart). The Global Alliance for Clean Cooking, which uses a slightly different measure, estimated in 2015 that the number might even have risen.
As for those improved cookstoves, researchers who hand them out in a village almost invariably find, when they return several years later, that people have gone back to cooking over handmade mud stoves or large stones.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style=""><img id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:part3.AD437F9B.B704687F@ilstu.edu" alt="https://cdn.static-economist.com/sites/default/files/images/print-edition/20180407_IRC157.png" class="" height="993" width="912" border="0"></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">That efforts to change how people cook have fallen so short for so long can be blamed on weak markets, unco-ordinated charity interventions and muddled priorities. It also illuminates why development
is so much harder in Africa than in Asia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Cooking over an open fire is no fun, especially if you have to do it every day. In another village in western Senegal, Felane, women complain that their kitchens are always hot and smoky. The smoke
stings and irritates—one woman blames it for colouring the whites of her eyes. Firewood is becoming ever harder to find. A local man, Cheikh Diouf, who has nine children, says that wood-collecting may take four trips a week, each one of up to four hours.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Those who have a simple metal cookstove with a clay liner, known as a <i>jambaar</i>, say it is better than the traditional method of balancing a pot over three big stones atop a fire. The<i> jambaar</i> is
more efficient, needing less wood. Surveys in other countries show that many poor women realise this. A <i>jambaar</i> can also be moved outside when the weather allows. And it just feels superior: one woman in Lambayene describes it as “civilised”.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Yet <i>jambaar</i> stoves are seldom on sale at the weekly markets. People seem not even to know how much they cost. Gunther Bensch and Jörg Peters, both of the Leibniz Institute for Economic Research
in Germany, gave <i>jambaar</i> stoves to Senegalese villagers in 2009. When they checked, in 2015, almost all had worn out. Hardly any had been replaced.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">The problem is not only poverty. Mr Bensch and Mr Peters have tried auctioning <i>jambaar</i> stoves. They found that villagers often bid more than they would pay in nearby towns. Perhaps they do
not buy them in markets because shopping is seen as women’s work, and women are not allowed to spend much without consulting their husbands. Or perhaps it is too difficult to carry stoves from town to village. One urban stove vendor, Malick Niang, says he
would not try to sell the stoves in villages. They are heavy and breakable, and demand there is uncertain. Another problem is that, being safe, poor and French-speaking, Senegal attracts charities and aid agencies. Some at times hand out stoves for little
or nothing. That confuses people about their true value, and can wreck markets.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Even better cookstoves may not do much to improve health. The linkage between household smoke and harm seems not to be linear, says Kevin Mortimer of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Above
a certain level, breathing more smoke might not make a person much sicker. Even the most efficient wood stoves expose cooks to many times the level of smoke that the World Health Organisation regards as safe. Mr Mortimer was involved in a large trial in Malawi,
using a top-of-the-line stove, which found no evidence of an effect on rates of childhood pneumonia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Perhaps it is better to pick a genuinely clean fuel (clean to cook with, not necessarily in the planet-preserving sense) and promote it hard. Brazil, Ecuador and Indonesia, among others, have all
subsidised LPG. Since 2016 the Indian government has made LPG available to 34m households, giving them gas stoves and one cylinder free. The petroleum ministry says that four-fifths of the newly connected households have bought a replacement cylinder. On average,
they buy four cylinders a year, which implies they get at least half of their cooking energy from wood, dung and the like. Still, this is rapid progress.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">So switching fuels rather than stoves seems the more hopeful approach. “We were fooling ourselves, thinking that we could pick any old fuel off the ground and make it burn cleanly,” says Kirk Smith,
an environmental scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, who is involved with India’s programme. Not only is LPG much cleaner than solid fuel. It also feels like a step up in the world and is easier to use (even men can cook with it).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">Subsidies make for poor policy tools. They are snaffled by wealthy, well-connected people. They create lobbies supporting them, and become hard to cut. Particularly in small countries, subsidised
goods are likely to leak over borders. Subsidies may also vary from year to year with the government’s budget. That is a particular danger in the case of cooking fuel, because cooks prize reliability. If people cannot always obtain clean fuel, they will probably
revert to dirty stuff, says Radha Muthiah, the departing head of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="">These are mighty problems even for large middle-income countries with more-or-less competent governments. India, which for years frittered away money on LPG for the middle class, has managed to steer
the subsidies—the world’s biggest cash-transfer programme—more accurately towards the poor, partly thanks to the Aadhaar biometric-identity scheme. But in smaller, poorer, more corrupt countries, LPG subsidies are probably out of the question. India has found
a tricky, costly way of clearing the air. In sub-Saharan Africa, the smoke lingers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="">This article appeared in the International section of the print edition under the headline "How the other half cooks"</span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Kirk R. Smith, MPH, PhD <<a href="mailto:krksmith@berkeley.edu">krksmith@berkeley.edu</a>></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Professor of Global Environmental Health</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Director, Collaborative Clean Air Policy Centre, Delhi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">747 University Hall, School of Public Health</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">University of California Berkeley, 94720-7360 USA</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">510-643-0793; fax 642-5815</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkrsmith.org%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cc662ba39b7ae416287da08d59dbdc9ff%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636588360821941726&sdata=2GEqN9eJ1amBE5Vy1fKYCHXfJtUjLC8Eqxmz1t66220%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://www.kirkrsmith.org/" shash="gONu1s5f4Adc6PWpAfJuDNFRWmLeiY/t1o3ar+1+2awKyek7w+a4cYP318RMcr1A/sLHJMWrUzZjPypBbxZw6K2FnEA+lFr+9Eej5VVI39Ln4o9W1JuDW39t3fchYbhjjaDfKKTbZivQTNWd6EmRkrZmZKM8CTCNBr6dOEx9qsM=" target="_BLANK">http://www.kirkrsmith.org/</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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