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--></style></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Nikhil,</p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Sounds good. </p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I don’t think it is all Tom’s fault though.</p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I don’t have an enterprise for you, but you can step into something that is an enterprise, and help it to expand. How about supporting Fred Colgan’s InStove project.</p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I like your response. It shows the kind of spirit I respect. I was afraid that your spirit had been defeated into negativism, but it is not so.</p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Respectfully,</p><p class=MsoNormal>Kirk H.</p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Sent from <a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986">Mail</a> for Windows 10</p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='border:none;padding:0in'><b>From: </b><a href="mailto:ndesai@alum.mit.edu">Nikhil Desai</a><br><b>Sent: </b>Wednesday, July 25, 2018 1:24 PM<br><b>To: </b><a href="mailto:gkharris316@comcast.net">Kirk H.</a><br><b>Cc: </b><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">Discussion of biomass cooking stoves</a>; <a href="mailto:xav.brandao@gmail.com">Xavier Brandao</a>; <a href="mailto:carneirodemiranda@gmail.com">Rogerio carneiro de miranda</a>; <a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">Crispin Pemberton-Pigott</a><br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Stoves] Stove types and poverty [Was Rogerio: Pro-publicaarticle out]</p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Kirk: <br><br>I have offered to review all projects for free, but Tom Miles has not given me the leads for data on cost and operational experience. </p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Besides, a project that does not rise to the level of moving significant amounts of money and delivering significant, sustained, scalable results has limited value for the time and money. <br><br>I am still waiting for an answer to the basic question - what quantified service standard and for what quantified objective is all this EPA/WHO rigmarole at ISO TC-285 for? <br><br>All those - including people you list - who have marketed stoves that have pleased their customers in actual use get my utmost respect, admiration, and enthusiasm. I am still looking for a formulation of the problem, definition of a market, and the delivery chain for usable stoves and fuels, at an appreciable scale. Something that governments can put their money into, instead of those contracts to GACC and EPA/DfID contractors that have produced nearly nothing. <br><br>Why, the Dutch/Deutsche Bank money for the Clean Cooking Working Capital Fund couldn't move much money beyond BioLite, Envirotech, and had to be shut down because nobody else was found bankable. <br><br>Do you have bankable enterprises in mind? Let's start talking money instead of boiling water. <br><br>Money is positive. </p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>Nikhil<br><br></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><br clear=all></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif'>------------------------</span><span style='font-size:9.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif'>Nikhil Desai</span><span style='font-size:9.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif'>(US +1) 202 568 5831</span><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif'><br><i>Skype: nikhildesai888</i></span><span style='font-size:9.5pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Wed, Jul 25, 2018 at 4:03 PM, Kirk H. <<a href="mailto:gkharris316@comcast.net" target="_blank">gkharris316@comcast.net</a>> wrote:</p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'>Wow! Life must be bleak for you guys. <span style='font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif'>☹</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'>I suggest that to get out of your doldrums you support some positive people and projects, examples like Dr. Anderson, Dr. Nurhuda, Dr. Paul Taylor, Rebecca Vermeer, Alexis Belonio, Dean Still, or other of your choice. <span style='font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",sans-serif'>😊</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'>Kirk H. </p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'>Sent from <a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986" target="_blank">Mail</a> for Windows 10</p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'><b>From: </b><a href="mailto:pienergy2008@gmail.com" target="_blank">Nikhil Desai</a><br><b>Sent: </b>Wednesday, July 25, 2018 12:18 PM<br><b>To: </b><a href="mailto:xav.brandao@gmail.com" target="_blank">Xavier Brandao</a>; <a href="mailto:carneirodemiranda@gmail.com" target="_blank">Rogerio carneiro de miranda</a><br><b>Cc: </b><a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" target="_blank">Crispin Pemberton-Pigott</a>; <a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank">Discussion of biomass cooking stoves</a><br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [Stoves] Stove types and poverty [Was Rogerio: Pro-publicaarticle out]</p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'>Rogerio: <br><br>I generally think that all statements about cookstoves are contextual and it is not too difficult to find anecdotes on two or more sides of any issue. <br><br>That said, I find it a general truism that stove advocates have over-emphasized fuel savings and that this obsession - especially when measured with unreliable test methods - has been the Achilles heel of many "projects." (That the "projects" universe has certain damning restrictions is another matter, efficiency being only one such.) <br><br>I saw rocket stoves production and use only once, and came away feeling it must have some market somewhere, for grant givers if not users. I have seen other examples of "fuel-saving" and "smokeless" biomass stoves; little attention to fuels, meals, cooks. Money is a secondary problem from public policy perspective; subsidies can be designed to accelerate the uptake of stoves and fuels if they are going to be used, even with stacking.<br><br>As for "poor households", I wonder if there has ever been any systematic study with stratified poverty and multiple fuels/stoves/meal types. In "poverty" literature, it has long been accepted that survey data on expenditures, while they help characterize income poverty, say nothing about the processes of poverty and non-income dimensions of poverty. (See UNDP/OPHI reports on Multi-dimensional Poverty Index.]<br><br>And it is next to impossible to get reports on relative price differences across different populations of the poor, so it is impossible to tell just how the markets for the poor are working. Take, for instance, a ratio of a cheapest commercial meal (safe enough to eat and feed children) to average day-labor wage rate, or a ratio of a kg of local bread to a liter of milk, or the price of the most common mattress to the most common mobile phone. You get the idea. Without such information it is impossible to distinguish one customer group from another and design, test economical stoves accordingly. The rich are alike everywhere, the poor are different from place to place, time to time. <br><br>That is, if the objective is to serve the poor, we don't have the barest of information to understand poverty, which keeps changing in different dimensions. <br><br>I fully agree with you that "A really good biomass stove is expensive for very poor households". But then the questions are, </p><blockquote style='margin-left:30.0pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:69.6pt'><br>i) What does a very poor household want in an improved stove - reliable fuel efficiency or low smoke, or, often, nothing, because the head of the household wants to fix a window or throw a party?;<br>ii) What is "good enough" in the sense of "marketable, usable" for not-so-poor households and what all determine the overall economy of cooking - not just costs of competing stoves and fuels but availability and cost of water or food ingredients; <br>iii) Are there "cooking systems" options that actually help alleviate poverty in terms of freeing up cash savings or time?</p></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:9.6pt'><br>I have observed that "commercial cooking" does address this last question. Some ten years ago, Anil Rajvanshi came up with the idea of rural cafeterias for the working poor, which was the other side of the same coin - outsource cooking. <br><br>Let me give two examples - injeras in Addis Ababa (which I visited often between 1992 and 2007) and tortillas in Central America (which I haven't). Why haven't "really good biomass stoves" made any dent in that market? <br><br><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>As I started telling colleagues some years back, "While you have made money on writing books for poor people's cooking, they have chosen to get rich enough to afford LPG and electricity." And "You are still thinking of yo' mamas when you think of saving wood; think of yo' dottas." (Remember Kirk Smith's epiphany watching young women in rural India swooning over Philips stove, "It burns like gas!" ) <br><br>Why has it been so difficult to develop and prove "Burns like gas" biomass stoves? This was the headline of a 2012 paper by Kirk Smith and Karabi Dutta. At the time, there was a lot of talk of Advanced Biomass Stoves, in India and in Central America at least. <br></span><br>It is too easy to blame GACC. The illuminati at Lima and the Hague chose how to spend EPA money - on New Source Performance Standards, applicable to any country that chooses, just not the US. GACC was just an excuse to commit and disburse monies so US Secretaries of State could boast and UN Foundation could profit. <span style='font-size:12.0pt'><br></span><br>Saving the poor is as much of a delusion as saving the earth. Both are inscrutable. But different religions offer salvation. <br><br>Nikhil</p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'><span style='font-family:"Georgia",serif'>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>Nikhil Desai</span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:9.6pt'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif'>(US +1) 202 568 5831</span><span style='font-family:"Georgia",serif'><br><i>Skype: nikhildesai888</i></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'>On Mon, Jul 23, 2018 at 8:55 AM, Rogerio carneiro de miranda <<a href="mailto:carneirodemiranda@gmail.com" target="_blank">carneirodemiranda@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>My 2 cents of contribution.....</span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:#444444'>First cent: I agreed with Crispin that "</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:#444444'>Rocket Stove dimensionalism where ratios are held sacred, more than function" is part of the problem. Usually we see rocket powered stoves with fuel feeding entrance too small to produce enough energy to satisfy users. Saving fuels is preferred to practical use. Too mall fuel feed entrance frustrate users by not delivering enough energy, and by requiring more work in order to split wood into very thin pieces.</span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>Second cent: A really good biomass stoves is expensive for very poor households. To make a robust, clean (not leaking smoke indoors), efficient, and practical (cook, bake, warm space and heat water) internal combustion biomass stove, is much more expensive than mass produced external combustion LPG stove. Good biomass stoves in LDC is usually hand produced, and does not achieve low cost, as if mass scale produced. </span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Rogério</span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'><span style='font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'> </p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'>Em sex, 13 de jul de 2018 às 08:43, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" target="_blank">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> escreveu:</p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Dear Xavier</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Good to hear from you as always.</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Your summation on global failure (compared with hoped-for results) can be repeated by looking from another angle:</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>My view is that the main influencers, be they individuals or institutions, display monomaniacalism resulting in not only the failure to achieve their touted goals, but also causing others to fail where they might have succeeded.</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Monomania means fanatically going after one thing. </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>We see:</span></p><ul type=disc><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>TLUD as a method of burning promoted because it burns that way (gasificationism)</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Char making for non-cooking purposes, i.e. to save the planet</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Rocket Stove dimensionalism where ratios are held sacred, more than function</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Numerous, spurious health claims, vague attributions and unbelievable causal assertions (ameliorism)</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Fuel efficiency preferred over function (thermalism)</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>LP Gas promotion in a sector dominated by carbon-neutral fuels (unilinealism)</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Speculative fund-raising by imputing health benefits based on wonky methods and models (shamanism)</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Unapologetic insistence on the use of the WBT, an unpublished, unreviewed test method known to have numerous problems with no skill in forecasting performance in use (desperately trying not to have been wrong or careless)</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Using a single fuel with a single moisture content as the ‘standard’ with which to rate absolute or comparative performance (uniformitarianism)</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Selling cooking stoves as a solution to deforestation</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Selling cooking stoves as a solution to general air pollution</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Selling cooking stoves as a solution to family health problems</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Selling cooking stoves as a solution to IAP</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Selling cooking stoves as a solution to sexual violence in refugee camps</span></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1'><span lang=EN-CA>Selling cooking stoves as a solution to drudgery and time inefficiency</span></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>One begins to ask, “Is there <i>anything</i> a cooking stove cannot solve?” An observer might legitimately ask, “If improved cooking stoves are capable of solving so many problems, why don’t we see more people buying and using them?”</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Looking at Darfur, we can learn a thing or two because they have had the most interventions. Some homes have been given no less than 10 “improved stoves” by competing agencies (I refer, of course, to the Stoves Wars of Darfur.) So what gets used? What do women and cooks prefer if you watch them, interview and ask? </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Two stoves are popular: One is the all-mud stove developed locally by Practical Action, because it holds the pot properly and cooks using a variety of available biomass materials. The other is the Darfur stove from Berkeley, which when turned upside down makes a good platform for cooking the main type of pancake, which the mud stove does not. Turned the right way up, the all-metal Darfur stove makes a passable charcoal burner though it is not very fuel-efficient as it was designed to burn wood. Charcoal is a preferred fuel because, according to the cooks, “It is cheaper to buy than wood.” Cecil Cook found the same thing in the suburbs of Maputo. Thermal energy from wood was not a good offer, and Shangalane, the hard, expensive charcoal, was by far the best deal in terms of energy delivered per $. </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>What are the cooks monomaniacally interested in? How well do the proffered “solutions” match the preferences and inclinations of the cooks? </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>At a minimum, we can say there seems to be a mismatch between what cooks want and do, and how stoves are imagined and manufactured. </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Knowing how to burn is not the same as knowing how to cook. (In my case it is the same thing – burning.) Cecil the Cook attended the blowtorch school of cuisine. That requires a skillset I don’t have. When it comes to deep-fried dinner, I will support my local diner.</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Regards</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA>Crisp’n’delicious</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=EN-CA> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Dear Paul,</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Thanks for sharing this very good paper.</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>It brings a good reflection upon all those years. Yet it still didn’t answer the question: why didn’t it work?</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Because the improved cookstoves were not adopted. But why?</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>The stoves were not adopted because they were not good enough. The problem is not a problem of adoption, of customers. The stoves were, and still are the problem. If the first Iphone was 3000 USD, with an autonomy of 20 minutes, and very slow when navigating, no one would have bought it -> back to the R&D and engineering department, try again and better.</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>For the improved cookstove sector:</span></p><ul type=disc><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='color:#1F497D;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2'><span lang=FR>A lot of investment in combustion and stove R&D was needed: it never happened</span><o:p></o:p></li></ul><ul type=disc><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='color:#1F497D;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span lang=FR>The GACC needed to address the problem of the WBT as soon as there were concerns with it. The GACC never did. Even now, July 2018, the first testing protocol on the GACC website is still the WBT. Results: the WBT kept testers and manufacturers into a swamp of under-performing stoves with over-performing results.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class=m-3826308157846001306m-1680935941934734189m-4839531087909788384msolistparagraph style='color:#1F497D;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'><span lang=FR>Poor products were developed, tested, distributed in villages, and ended-up like Cummins stoves.</span><o:p></o:p></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>One needs to admit his/her mistake, before being able to correct them and move forward. This never happened.</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>There’s little mystery behind that global failure.</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Best,</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'>Xavier</span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> </span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:.4in'><span lang=FR style='color:#1F497D'> <u> </u></span></p></div></div></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:19.2pt'> </p></blockquote></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:9.6pt'> </p></div></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>