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<p class="MsoNormal">Richard,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am sending this reply ALSO to the Biochar Listserv for separate discussion there about the nutrient value from the dung.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Your description (below) of washing the dung is quite interesting:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A. You mention the nutrients separated for going to the plants. Nice. Are they otherwise destroyed or diminished if left in the dung-fuel and burned. This is a response to the objection that dung should not be burned.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">B. The “solids” can be more suitable for making fuel briquettes. (Washed-Dung Biomass-Enhanced Briquettes = WDBE fuel, but there certainly can be a better name to distinguish these from those with unwashed dung.) I can imagine much
variation because of what the animals were eating, and the amount of washing. And the what about appropriate binding? And depending on what biomass is mixed.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">C. No burning of dung, but putting it directly to the fields.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">D. Burning of “natural” dung (as in India and Bangaldesh and elsewhere currently).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Depending on both A and B above about the washing of dung, what could be the best arrangement, considering labor and conditions (feedlot dung vs field dung) and purposes and additional materials?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is not a simple yes / no situation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paul<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Doc / Dr TLUD / Paul S. Anderson, PhD<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Exec. Dir. of Juntos Energy Solutions NFP<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu"><span style="color:#0563C1">psanders@ilstu.edu</span></a> Skype: paultlud<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Phone: Office: 309-452-7072 Mobile: 309-531-4434<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com"><span style="color:#0563C1">www.drtlud.com</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Stoves <stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Richard Stanley<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, November 2, 2018 5:08 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Stoves and biofuels network <stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Spherical Cow Dung Balls for ND-TLUDs in Bangladesh : Dung is very do-able<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">HI Julian, <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Colleagues of ours in our biomass briquetting world have worked with Masaai in East Afica in finding ways to optimise the energy content of cow dung. A one Francis and MAry Kavita from rural Kenya came up with the idea of soaking the dung
in water, then straining off the fiber (lignin) content in a simple local wicker basket (much the way villages more or less globally, wash their grains fromr time immemorial. The liquid expellate is a rich valuable organic liquid fertilizer. The fiber remaining
can then be mixed with sawdust or leaves or other combustibles including, waste paper, and or pulverised charcoal crumbs from the last fire, to produce a very clean burning fuel. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hope this helps a bit. If you do get into it please pass on your experience to the rest of us as you proceed. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Richard Stanley<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.legacyfound.org">www.legacyfound.org</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Nov 2, 2018, at 8:37 AM, Julien Winter <<a href="mailto:winter.julien@gmail.com">winter.julien@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi all;<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I have suggested to Mahbubul (my colleague in Bangladesh) that cow dung may be used as a binder for material that is compressed or forced through an extruder. That would increase the energy density of the fuel and increase the run-time
of a batch loaded TLUD.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">There is a recent paper that used cow dung as a binder for fire bricks. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Khurshid, I; Ahmad, S; Nawaz, R; Arshad, M; Dar, MEUI; Imran, M; Aslam, F; Nasir, R; Shah, GM; Ahmad, N; Naeem, MA. 2018. Development of fire bricks from organic waste: an eco-friendly energy solution. Applied Ecology and Environmental
Research 16: 3919-3932 DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1604_39193932 <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.aloki.hu/pdf/1604_39193932.pdf">http://www.aloki.hu/pdf/1604_39193932.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Not all cow dung is the same, and cow dung (fluid) from a large herd of confined dairy cattle would be different from dung (balls) from cattle grazing rough cellulosic vegetation. Dung from dairy farms could likely include urine, and could
be quite a slurry.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Which segues into the topic on cow dung from India containing plastic. I was actually making a glancing reference to a really bad situation. Cows in India are dying from plastic pollution that causes impacted rumens. That is not a problem
in Bangladesh, because the Government restricts the use of plastic packaging.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julien.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julien Winter<br>
Cobourg, ON, CANADA<o:p></o:p></p>
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