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<p class="MsoNormal">Stovers,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I thank Alexis Belonio for his highly informative comments (below) on blue flames and rice hulls. He also sends an update on his work situation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I do ask Alexis for a further comment that relates to the silica Si or SiO or SiO2 as a factor, relating to thermite. It might have no importance. But the question about silica or silica oxide should be resolved. Is there
no other chemical (metal?) present with which the silicon oxide might be reacting is some small but important way?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paul<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Doc / Dr TLUD / Paul S. Anderson, PhD<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Exec. Dir. of Juntos Energy Solutions NFP<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu">psanders@ilstu.edu</a> Skype: paultlud<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Phone: Office: 309-452-7072 Mobile: 309-531-4434<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com">www.drtlud.com</a>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> alexis belonio <atbelonio@yahoo.com> <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, January 14, 2019 2:08 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Anderson, Paul <psanders@ilstu.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Inquiry re blue flame from rice husk gasifeir<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Hi Paul,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Good afternoon and thanks to your email!!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">After leaving Carbon Neutral Commons early last year, I work back again full time at Philippine Rice Research Institute developing hydrous
bioethanol as fuel as well as paddy dryer using rice husk gasifier as heat source. This year, I was given an assignment to develop a biomass gasifier with dry scrubber that will run non-retrofitted diesel engine as power unit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">It is almost 5 years now that I don’t have any contact with Dr. Olivier. Maybe, you need to email him about his current activities.
Glad to hear it also!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">With regard your questions about rice husk gasification to obtain blue flame, what I can share to you is all based on my studies and
experiences in the past. Here they are below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">1.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Rice husk contains high amount of ash (20%) which is crystalline white in color. 90% of the ash is silica and difficult to handle in any combustion devices. The volatile matter
content is quite low of around 76% as compared with other biomass. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">2.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Gasifying rice husk is quite difficult to operate is a moving-bed gasifiers. The gasifier must be properly designed not to interfere the gasification zone during operation.
When rice husk is use in fixed bed reactor, operation is very much stable. The only problem is if operation of more than 2 hours is required. Restarting between operation is inconvenience in this gasifier.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">3.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">When gasifying rice husk, you can possibly obtain bluish colored flame as compared with other biomass. This is because rice husk exhibited low volatile mater as mentioned
as compared with wood. However, not all the time when you gasify rice husk, bluish flame is present. I have rice husk gasifiers which produces pink to yellow flame and hardly can get the desired blue flame when operated. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">4.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">The moisture content of rice husk when gasified also affects the color of the flame. When I use low moisture rice husk of around 10% and below, I can achieve a blue flame color.
However, when rice husk is a little bit with high moisture say 14% and above. A pink colored flame usually appears
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">5.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Air fuel ratio, superficial gas velocity, and specific gasification rate all affects the quality of gas from the gasifier. These all depends on the quality of rice husk used
such as maturity, impurities, whether deteriorated or not, moisture content, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">6.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">The design of gasifier reactor and the burner also contributed in attaining blue flame color with rice husk as fuel. Properly design reactor having long but short diameter
produces bluish flame. Also, when the reactor is insulated capable of increasing the bed temperature and injecting hot air to the fuel, blue flame appears. The burner design on the other hand can also affects the color of the flame. Burner that can eliminate
tars before the gas and properly mixed with hot air can also produce bluish flame.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">7.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Torrefied rice husks or even some biomass can produce bluish flame in gasifiers. I did test runs during my visit to one Company in India and also in Vietnam that torrefied
rice husks and other biomass produced bluish colored flame when gasified. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">8.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Completely carbonizing biomass like sugar cane bagasse before gasifying will not help enough to produce bluish flame when gasified. This is with the exception of wood with
sufficient amount of carbon present after carbonization.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">9.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Bluish flame in gasified rice husk can also be obtained by wet scrubbing or simply by spraying the gas with water in an enclosed chamber. However, when scrubbing hot gas during
the process can increase the O<sub id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1547453145480_4298">2</sub> content of the gas which results into reduction of the heating value of the gas. From around 1,200 kcal/m<sup id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1547453145480_4299">3</sup> gas, it will
drop down to around 800 kcal/m<sup id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1547453145480_4300">3</sup> once scrubbed. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">10.</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Therefore, if we really want to produce bluish flame from gasifier, what we need to do is to process first our fuel that has no moisture in it. Torrefied it if possible to
remove part of the volatile matter that would not help in the combustion of gases. However, doing this will be costly unless the process can be integrated into the design of the reactor and the burner of the gasifier. For small systems like cookstove, this
would be more quite difficult.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Again, thanks and God bless!!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Alexis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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