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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear CH<sub>4</sub> Watchers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">You may be interested in this article by one of the authors of the “1.5 Degree” report.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">“A solution to the misrepresentations of CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalent emissions of short-lived climate pollutants under ambitious mitigation”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-018-0026-8">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-018-0026-8</a> by Myles Allen
<i>et al</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hidden in the verbiage and obligatory genuflections is the fact that CH<sub>4</sub> impact has been over-estimated by a factor of 4 due to the misrepresentation of emissions as “net’ without considering the usual fate
of the material, using cattle as an example. Once the number of cattle (or stoves) stabilizes, there is no net increase in CH4 even if emissions continue to occur. A forced increase in the temperature requires an increase in the total. In accounting this is
known as Double-Entry Bookkeeping where one tracks total emissions and total removals to find the net change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Allen <i>et al</i> advocates the use of GWP instead of CO<sub>2</sub>e as a solution to this miscalculation. “</span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
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</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Rectangle_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://d.adroll.com/cm/aol/out?advertisable=USYKOWLOFBEXPCZFZ62G6R" style='width:.6pt;height:.6pt;visibility:visible;mso-left-percent:-10001;mso-top-percent:-10001;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:char;mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:line;mso-left-percent:-10001;mso-top-percent:-10001'>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img width="1" height="1" style="width:.0104in;height:.0104in" src="cid:image001.png@01D4E6FF.148A8BA0" alt="https://d.adroll.com/cm/aol/out?advertisable=USYKOWLOFBEXPCZFZ62G6R" v:shapes="Rectangle_x0020_3"><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">GWP*
accurately indicates the impact of emissions of both long-lived and short-lived pollutants on radiative forcing and temperatures over a wide range of timescales, including under ambitious mitigation when conventional GWPs fail.”</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">This change will have a strong impact on stove projects that intend to “sell” CH<sub>4</sub> reductions as CO<sub>2</sub>e. My recommendation is to be sure your project does not rely in “offsets” to be financially viable.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Hi Norm;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I have not heard of any emissions testing on Dave Yarrow's nozzle TLUD combustor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On a cookstove ND-TLUD, I will do some tuning to an internal riser ± nozzle, then send that for testing.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Remember, we have to measure CH4 as well, else TLUDs will be left out of carbon credits schemes.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Pity that we have to do all of this on our own dime. If we had a research grant, we would have all problems solved.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julien.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Fri, Mar 29, 2019 at 9:10 AM Julien Winter <<a href="mailto:winter.julien@gmail.com">winter.julien@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi Norm;<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">The photograph is of a double-walled TLUD with pre-heated secondary air. The 55 gal. drum has no bottom. The 35 gal drum is the TLUD reactor.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">However, I have put the same burner on at single-walled 55 gal. TLUD, with a gap between the top of the drum and the lid supporting the burner.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Julien.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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