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<p class="MsoNormal">Kirk, (Bcc to his personal address) (and as information copy to the Stoves Listserv)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Congratulations on your good work. I will be able to cite some of it regarding data on stoves and other thermal energy needs of poor households in India. Some great maps in the full publication, which anyone can obtain for free at your
website: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.kirkrsmith.org/">http://www.kirkrsmith.org/</a> Thank you for making it available.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My one issue is that you continue to proclaim about “dirty fuels” without recognizing that (at least) woody biomass can be very cleanly burned in advanced cookstoves, especially the TLUD stoves both with and without force air.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paul <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Doc / Dr TLUD / Paul S. Anderson, PhD<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Exec. Dir. of Juntos Energy Solutions NFP<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Email: <a href="mailto:psanders@ilstu.edu"><span style="color:#0563C1">psanders@ilstu.edu</span></a> Skype: paultlud<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Phone: Office: 309-452-7072 Mobile: 309-531-4434<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Website: <a href="http://www.drtlud.com"><span style="color:#0563C1">www.drtlud.com</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Kirk R. SMITH <krksmith@berkeley.edu> <br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, April 18, 2019 4:51 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Kirk R. SMITH <krksmith@berkeley.edu><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [stove and climate] Mitigation of household sources alone enough to meet Indian ambient air pollution standards - more<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:red">[This message came from an external source. If suspicious, report to
<a href="mailto:abuse@ilstu.edu">abuse@ilstu.edu</a>]</span></strong><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:22.5pt"><b><span style="font-size:22.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">UC Berkeley News, April 18, 2019</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:22.5pt"><b><span style="font-size:27.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">India could meet air quality standards by cutting household fuel use</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;line-height:16.5pt"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">By </span><a href="mailto:kjmanke@berkeley.edu?subject=RE:%20India%20could%20meet%20air%20quality%20standards%20by%20cutting%20household%20fuel%20use" title="Contact the author"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">Kara
Manke</span></a><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#BBBBBB">|</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333"><img border="0" width="750" height="499" style="width:7.8125in;height:5.1979in" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image001.jpg@01D4F6A3.D7539BF0" alt="Photo shows houses on a hillside with smoke emerging from smokestakcs"></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">Smoke rises above houses in the Ladakh region of India. (Photo courtesy Ajay Pillarisetti)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">India could make a major dent in air pollution by curbing emissions from dirty household fuels such as wood, dung,
coal and kerosene, shows a new analysis led by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley and the India Institute of Technology.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">Eliminating emissions from these sources — without any changes to industrial or vehicle emissions — would bring
the average outdoor air pollution levels below the country’s air quality standard, the study shows. Mitigating the use of household fuels could also reduce air pollution-related deaths in the country by approximately 13%, which is equivalent to saving about
270,000 lives a year.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">“Household fuels are the single biggest source of outdoor air pollution in India,” said Kirk R. Smith, professor
of global environmental health at UC Berkeley and director of the </span><a href="https://ccapc.org.in/"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">Collaborative Clean Air Policy Centre</span></a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">.
“We looked at what would happen if they only cleaned up households, and we came to this counterintuitive result that the whole country would reach national air pollution standards if they did that.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">Smith is co-author of a paper describing the analysis that </span><a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/04/09/1900888116"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">appeared
this week</span></a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333"> in the journal <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</i></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">Americans usually associate air pollution with smokestacks and car exhaust pipes. But in many rural areas of the
world where electricity and gas lines are scarce, the bulk of air pollution originates from burning biomass, such as wood, cow dung or crop residues to cook and heat the home, and from burning kerosene for lighting. As of early 2016, nearly half of the Indian
population was reliant on biomass for household fuel.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">In addition to generating greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, these dirty fuels kick out chemicals
and other fine particulate matter that can stick in the lungs and trigger a whole host of diseases, including pneumonia, heart disease, stroke, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">“There are 3,000 chemicals that have been identified in wood smoke, and taken at a macro level, it is very similar
to tobacco smoke,” Smith said.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333"><img border="0" width="750" height="499" style="width:7.8125in;height:5.1979in" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D4F6A3.D7539BF0" alt="A photo of a smoggy street in the Indian city of New Delhi"></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">Air pollution in India’s capital of New Delhi often soars above 300 ug m</span></b><b><sup><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">-3</span></sup></b><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">,
nearly twice that experienced by the San Francisco Bay Area during the 2018 Camp Fire. (Sumita Roy Dutta photo, via </span></b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Low_visibility_due_to_Smog_in_entry_of_Chelmsford_Road_New_Delhi_31st_Dec_2017_9AM_DSCN8819_1.jpg"><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">Wikimedia
Commons</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262">)</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:7.5pt;line-height:16.5pt;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#003262"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">In 2015, India’s average annual air pollution level was 55 micrograms per cubic meter (ug m</span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">-3</span></sup><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">)
of fine particulate matter. Levels in New Delhi — by many estimates, the most polluted city in the world — often soared beyond 300 ug m</span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">-3</span></sup><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">.
By comparison, fine particulate matter in the San Francisco Bay Area peaked at around 200 ug m</span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">-3</span></sup><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333"> during
the 2018 Camp Fire.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">Complete mitigation of biomass as fuel — which could be achieved through widespread electrification and distribution
of clean-burning propane to rural areas — would cut India’s average annual air pollution to 38 ug m</span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">-3</span></sup><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">,
just below the country’s National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 40 ug m</span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">-3</span></sup><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">.
While this is still far above the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of 10 ug m</span><sup><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">-3</span></sup><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">,
it could still have dramatic impacts on the health of the country’s residents, Smith said.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">“You can’t have a clean environment when about half the houses in India are burning dirty fuels every day,” Smith
said. “India has got to do other things to fix air pollution — they’ve got to stop garbage burning, they’ve got to control the power plants, they’ve got to control vehicles and so forth. But they need to recognize the fact that households are very important
contributors to outdoor air pollution, too.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">In 2016, India instituted a national program to distribute clean burning stoves and propane to 80 million impoverished
households, or about 500 million people. The rationale behind this program was to prevent illness due to cooking and heating smoke trapped within the home. However, Smith hopes the study’s findings will bolster support for reducing outdoor air pollution, as
well. Similar programs have been successful in China, where air pollution is now on the decline in 80 cities.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">“We’ve realized that pollution may start in the kitchen, but it doesn’t stay there — it goes outside, it goes
next door, it goes down the street and it becomes part of the general outdoor air pollution,” Smith said.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">While curbing the use of dirty household fuels will reduce emissions of health-damaging fine particulate matter,
it’s not clear what effect the change will have on the emissions of greenhouse gases that cause climate change, Smith says. That’s because both “dirty” fuels, like biomass, and “clean” fuels, like propane, both emit carbon dioxide when burned.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">And though it may come as a surprise to many Americans, air pollution from wood burning is still a problem here,
too.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">“Wood smoke is actually the chief cause of air pollution in the Bay Area, because we’ve cleaned up everything
else, but we haven’t done anything about fireplaces,” Smith said. “And people don’t even need fireplaces for heating, they just like them. I like them, too.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">Co-authors of the paper are Sourangsu Chowdhury and Sagnik Dey of the Indian Institute of Technology, Sarath Guttikunda
of Urban Emissions in New Delhi, Ajay Pillarisetti of UC Berkeley and Larry Di Girolamo of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#333333">Support for this research was provided by the Indian Department of Science and Technology Fund for Improvement
of Science and Technology Infrastructure in Higher Educational Institutions (DST-FIST) grant (SR/FST/ESII-016/2014), a Fulbright-Nehru Doctoral Research? Fellowship and a Fulbright-Nehru Academic and Professional Excellence Fellowship.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Kirk R. Smith, MPH, PhD <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Professor of Global Environmental Health<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Director, Collaborative Clean Air Policy Centre, Delhi<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">#5115, School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">University of California Berkeley, 94720-7360 USA<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">510-643-0793; fax 510-643-5056<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.kirkrsmith.org/">http://www.kirkrsmith.org/</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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