<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div>Let me chime in here with bit of history about VITA in the early years; Volunteers in Technical assistance was founded by a one Dr. Beno Sternlicht in the ?? late 60's. It was initially based in Schenectady New York ( the then home of General Electric corporation, where Sternlicht worked. I joined them fresh out of peace corps in 1970 and worked for a year before realising that the salary would not get us very far. The initial crew consisted of about ten staff in a quonset hut on the campus of Union college in Schenectady but it had incredible outreach. by the time I joined, there were already several thousand technical assistance "Vita Volunteers", spread all over the US. VITA did not operate in a vacuum, as the interaction and outreach exposed it to a far wider world. It borrowed heavily on the information provided by missionaries, aid workers, development organisations all over the world. several of these were recent and others longer-established if less formally known. Schumacher's, <u class="">Small is Beautiful </u>sprung UK's own ITDG, BRACE arose out of, if not in parallel with, the work of Dr Tom Lawand in McGill University in Canada).<div class=""> SKAT out of Switzerland, TOOL emerged out of several universities in cooperation with the Royal Tropical institute in Holland, as did others out of Germany, France, and India. As a request coordinator, the incoming "mail" (then the only known form of mail) was loaded with a huge variety of needs and resources one would rarely find in any conventional research organsation, The problem was not finding a solution for the overseas missionary or aid worker or local cooperative etc etc., but rather, how to track and condense it for easy application to a subsequent request from anywhere else. <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">And those were the heady days of file index cards and snail mail and corded phones. A parallel effort was put in place to extract and compile organised manuals from all the technical advice being offered, henceforth, the Village Technology Handbook. ITDG was undertaking a parallel effort as was Brace, Tool, Skat and others. The Village Technology Handbook was suceded by the TAICH directory, (Technical Assistance Information Clearinghouse). VITA subsequently moved its operation to Washington DC as part of their not untypical unending search for operating funds. I doubt whether the politics and the culture of that arena were as much sought after, as VITA suffered from the ensuing Daniel Websterian soul challenging machinations as an unintended consequence. That you are writing about it now suggests they have survived somehow. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""> Since I left in 1971, for grad school and a long sought return to work in international development, I have had only very intermittent contact with VITA but those early heady days in the quonset hut remain a memorable experience indeed.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Richard Stanley</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div><div><br class=""></div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Sep 23, 2019, at 2:57 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" class="">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">Volunteers in Technical Assistance.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">The head was Don Feil for some time recently. I am not sure if he still is. His phone mailboxes are full.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">US-based people volunteer their time to solve problems encountered by overseas people. It did a lot of positive things. They produced the first (rather defective) WBT test, with them mediating three organisations, them, plus one in France and one in Germany. They put out a number of publications including the VITA Technology Handbook and the microfiche library of everything the Village Technology Sourcebook. Back in the early ‘80’s that was the basis of any good appropriately technology centre library.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">Cecil Cook and I co-founded the Transkei Appropriate Technology Unit in 1982 and there wasn’t all that much to go on, besides the ITDG publications.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">So, there is some discussion of water storage<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">here</span>.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006364" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0006364</a><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 13.5pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 13.5pt; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(32, 32, 32);" class="">Conclusions<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 13.5pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 13.5pt; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><a name="article1.front1.article-meta1.abstract1." class=""></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(32, 32, 32);" class="">“All five water treatment methods can remove or inactivate cercariae in water, and hence produce cercaria-free water. However, reliable design guidelines for treating water do not exist as there are insufficient data.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="background-color: yellow; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;" class="">Overall, the review found that cercariae are inactivated when storing water for 10–72 hours (depending on temperature),</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or with chlorination values of 3–30 mg-min/l. UV fluences between 3–60 mJ/cm<sup class="">2</sup> may significantly damage or kill cercariae, and sand filters with 0.18–0.35 mm grain size have been shown to remove cercariae. This systematic review<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">identified 67 studies</b>about water treatment and schistosomiasis published in the past 106 years. It highlights the many factors that influence the results of water treatment experiments, which include different water quality conditions and methods for measuring key parameters. Variation in these factors limit comparability, and therefore currently available information is insufficient for providing complete water treatment design recommendations.”<o:p class=""></o:p></span></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">I think that is information enough to start.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="">Crispin<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span lang="EN-US" class="">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stoves <<a href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>K McLean<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Monday, September 23, 2019 5:39 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Discussion of biomass cooking stoves <<a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Stoves] Water Disinfection - Mix Boiling Water and Unheated Water to Pasteurize<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">I searched for a couple hours and found nothing. I'll keep trying. What is VITA?<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On Mon, Sep 23, 2019 at 5:13 PM Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><blockquote style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-width: 1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 6pt; margin-left: 4.8pt; margin-right: 0cm;" class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Dear Kevin<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">I support your support to support those who have nothing. Better is something.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Is it possible that VITA has done work on this?<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">It is so essential that it seems unlikely there is no work on it. It is not something I follow closely.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Perhaps a brief search will turn up someone who knows someone who knows.<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Crispin<o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">Your disinfection by darkness method should be easy to test in a lab. If successful in the lab, I can think of many ways it might be easily implemented.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">Despite decades of effort, 2.2 billion people (67%) in the 60 developing countries analyzed in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2813171%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7Ce77646a3b4294635280508d7406eb909%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637048716599620717&sdata=8OVLb4C1zwMF%2BCKrxGfjqGWDWjG6fYdcfOOpCIv8UX8%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">this study</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>do nothing to treat their water. Of those that treat, 500 million use adequate methods.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;" class="">If you think your disinfection by darkness method has potential, help find a lab and I'll pay for the testing. It doesn't have to be the best solution, just a good method that can be quickly disseminated. Let's not let the perfect be the enemy of the good.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Kevin<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gmail-m_-4068505666499887293DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" class=""><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">_______________________________________________<br class="">Stoves mailing list<br class=""><br class="">to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br class=""><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" target="_blank" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline;" class="">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br class=""><br class="">to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br class=""><a href="https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flists.bioenergylists.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fstoves_lists.bioenergylists.org&data=02%7C01%7C%7Ce77646a3b4294635280508d7406eb909%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637048716599620717&sdata=FLELoJ2hBbwidOQJDOyFPNs6U2rckNJQig59IaRifPo%3D&reserved=0" target="_blank" style="color: purple; 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font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page</span><br style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</a><br style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><br style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:</span><br style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></div></body></html>