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<div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" dir="auto" style="width:100%;">Dear Kevin </div>
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<div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" dir="auto" style="width:100%;">I do not know how the production stacks up across the world. What we know from observations is that placing the source material under the control of the local community greatly conserves
the resource. We know from Rwanda that adoption of far better (more charcoal for a tree) can be rapid if supported. It approximately triples the production. We know from Haiti that placing a price on it instead of banning it promotes production on private
land of the trees needed ro make it. </div>
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<div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" dir="auto" style="width:100%;">We know from Pune that non-woody biomass makes a viable charcoal product of high value. India alone could produce more than 100 million tons per year by diverting ag-wastes to charcoal.
That is 3,300 TJ of fuel energy. </div>
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<div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" dir="auto" style="width:100%;">Imagine what could be produced in Africa. </div>
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<div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" dir="auto" style="width:100%;">Regards </div>
<div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" dir="auto" style="width:100%;">Crispin </div>
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<div id="from"><b>From:</b> info@sun24.solar</div>
<div id="sent"><b>Sent:</b> November 3, 2019 8:14 AM</div>
<div id="to"><b>To:</b> stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</div>
<div id="reply_to"><b>Reply to:</b> stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</div>
<div id="subject"><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Improving cooking with charcoal</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">Regardless of the pros and cons of making and cooking with charcoal, charcoal will be used for cooking by many, many people for decades to come. Isn't the vast majority of charcoal produced in the same dirty
way it was produced a fifty years ago? And doesn't the vast majority cook with charcoal essentially the same way as fifty years ago? Let's find more methods to improve both production and usage, methods that people will readily adopt. Kevin</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Nov 3, 2019 at 7:42 AM Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Friends<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I like the discussion about what to test for, and what to measure, and how, and where results should lead. It has been a long time since an open discussion was held. We have had years of advocacy for a particular method, not what is needed
leading to a test designed to do that. <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Charcoal stoves have many advantages over wood stoves, including benefits of the char as an energy carrier. It is light, easily dried, and doesn’t rot. It is relatively easily ignited. The fact that people crate char wastefully and burn
it inefficiently and incompletely is not an attribute of the fuel but of the managers.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While it is popular to say that charcoal makes “a lot of smoke” when it is made, it is only true when people do that, and not when they don’t.
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some of the best users of charcoal fuel are cooks in Cambodia. They are effective and frugal and have been doing it for thousands of years. Maybe we can learn something from them.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Regards<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Crispin<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Ronal Larson <<a href="mailto:rongretlarson@comcast.net">rongretlarson@comcast.net</a>>
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, October 30, 2019 19:14<br>
<b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves <<a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>>; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>>; Kevin McLean > <<a href="mailto:info@sun24.solar">info@sun24.solar</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Christa Roth <<a href="mailto:stoves@foodandfuel.info">stoves@foodandfuel.info</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Improving cooking with charcoal<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Crispin, Kevin, List, cc Christa<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>Note change in thread title. The previous were under the name “no subject”- which wouldn’t help researchers not around for this thread (which is going well).<span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>1. My comments below were started before responding to a similar message from Christa Roth - just sent. So later readers please go back to that "no subject" thread that was started a few weeks ago by Kevin - reporting on three simple tests in three
different African countries (also identified below - now up to 4). All show major efficiency improvements when small stones and/or a second grate are added to an existing charcoal-using stove.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>2. The main points for Kevin and others are (and hope others will disagree or add/subtract):<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- use a water boiling test - not a cooking test. The latter is too subjective on the right termination time, and is difficult to replicate. Also doesn’t give the needed comparative information on power and efficiency.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- use at least two standard fuel amounts; maybe 0.3 and 1 kg (this now being the main discussion topic)<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- report something on the char - especially the size distribution. (Which itself can be another test parameter). Maybe a statement like “32 pieces in the 1 kg - with a max/min range less than 2:1”<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- report on the details of starting the fire. (Amount of Leaves, paper, alcohol, wax etc). See below on using a metal tube.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- details on the cook pot<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- the amount of water should match the stove’s intended use - maybe 2 or (not and) 5 liters; of course measure the amount boiled away. Report elevation, etc<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- times are important. Measure the time to get fire started and put pot on, b) time to boil and stop the test- c) stop time - maybe 1 hour max, and d) time to tend Don’t worry now about hot and cold starts<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- assume 30 MJ/kg for the char, unless you have more information. The right equations for per levels, energy used, and efficiency are all over the place.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- give several photos of the stoves - with dimensions. So others can compare or try to duplicate<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- Its fine to use unskilled testers - to save money. Let approved labs worry about CO, PM2.5 etc. Amateurs (school kids) can do the above test outline well enough. <u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- your four reported tests could be improved, but almost anyone using a stove can help with numerical data. We need a lot. Your four reporters all did well.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- cooking tests are not to be discouraged - but after water boiling tests. After you’ve picked a best (which could include economics on the costs (and benefits) of an extra grate or two.)<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- next tests can/should progress to details on the number and size of the (free) stones and the number of grates. Two extra grates (and stones on one or both sides) may still improve the efficiency further.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- report little details - the sizes of the pot and stove (air gaps both vertically and radially), etc<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- report the amount of time spent tending the fire. If there is air control, explain that.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>- Lastly - plentiful details on the two main parameters now needing study - the stones and the grates (materials, thicknesses,- not just the diameter(s) and the number of holes).<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>3. Concentrate all tests and discussions on stones and extra grates. They are the issue now - not the amount of char to be loaded or where the best location for air holes, stove materials, etc. We need examples of dozens if not hundreds of stove
designs - if we are ever going to figure out how to optimize the main new parameters - stones and grate numbers.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>Kevin - thanks for putting all you time and energy in on these mods that don’t seem in any way possible to pay for your expenses to date (including going to Nairobi - please keep us informed on whether this subject came up with anyone.)<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span>And next we can talk about charcoal-making stoves - which should make money, not just save it.<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Ron<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Oct 27, 2019, at 1:28 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">Dear Kevin <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">This is an interesting exploration that may yield consistent benefits is someone is using that rather dreadful device. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">There are dozens of charcoal combustors in Africa and the one shown is one of the worst. Given that there are far better devices for
burning charcoal, not to mention better ways to load the fuel, I am too surprised that just about anything you do would not improve it. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">Cecil Cook and I assisted GTZ's ProBEC North in the period 2007-2010 to improve the appalling charcoal waste in Lusaka. Cecil came up
with an interesting analysis which was the result of interviewing users about how much money they could save before their pockets "grew holes". It was a bout 10 days income. Any stove that costs more than that was unlike to sell no matter what it did. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">A second thing observed was the widespread used of a metal tube as a chimney to speed the ignition. It seems the second test was conducted
without lighting the fuel properly. I wonder if the tube was used for these tests. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span><b>[RWL: This is an important practical piece of advise. Can probably save 10 minutes in the testing</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">Two additional things that would make testing more convincing. First, there is far too much fuel in the stove. Do people really use a
kg and light the whole thing to cook a meal? I would expect something between 500 and 700 g. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">Second is that one should never have a pot sitting directly on the charcoal. It cannot possibly burn properly with the pot sitting on
the fuel extinguishing the flames. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span><b>[RWL: I think you have to place the pot on the char if that is local practice. Can do both. </b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">That stove usually has the pot sitting on top of the lip of the stove with the fuel burning under it. The pot seals to the stove and
the gases exit through the holes. That is why (in part) it is such a terrible cooker. It has poor aeration and very high CO contributing to its performance. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">More than ten years ago a much better stove was introduced, a metal version of the Maputo Ceramic Stove developed by a retired German
metal worker from the MCS. This costs more than the one in the report, which I recall sells for about $1.50. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span">
</span><b>[RWL: Any cite possible?</b><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">If that is the device someone is using, and the addition of the stones improves performance consistently, by all means continue. I'd
like to see it operated with half the fuel loaded to represent more closely the typical pattern of use. I can't see the theoretical basis for the additional plate making any difference save that if it is loose, air can flow around the edge perhaps burning
off some of the CO generated in the midst of the fire. As can be seen in the photo, elevating the fuel above the lip gets it into the open air where it can burn better. It's is still pretty awful, though. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-tab-span"><b>
</b></span><b>[RWL: I can’t yet see the theoretical reasons either - which is why I am pushing this thread (I keep saying Kevin has brought us two new important ideas - backed up by four reports working with very different stove (and earlier with wood-burning.
This list can make this discovery get moving faster. Kevin’s report this year on stones with the 3-stone fire is already reported to have been adopted by million in one small part of one small country - saving 40-50% of the wood!</b><br>
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<u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">The Malgache stove popular in West and Central Africa is better from several points of view including that it elevates the pot above
the fuel. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">If you want to burn charcoal reasonably well there should be 50mm vertical space between the fuel and the pot. That region should be
sheltered from cross winds and aeration should be provided that reaches almost to the centre, if possible. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">As to the retention of heat in the stones, there is no doubt they will get hot. The main benefit of stored heat in a stove is to keep
the char burning more completely as the fire dies. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">How a bout trying the experiment again using 350 g of charcoal and break it up so it can burn at a rate high enough to provide the cooking
power needed. The fuel particle surface to volume ratio defines this. If you want more power, get more surface area burning at the same time. It should fit into the space under the pot when it is sitting on the stove lip. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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</span><b>[RWL: See my comment above on reporting on fuel sizes.</b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>End </b><u></u><u></u></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Ron<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">It is can cook with 200 g there would still be lots left. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">Incidentally when burning a kg of charcoal and stopping with most of it left over, you should report the energy liberated as that of
the charcoal ash-free (AF). This is because all the original ash in the fuel is still there at the end, which means the missing mass is combustible, not "average charcoal". Suppose the ash is 10%. Then the missing 200 g mass has the energy of 200/0.9 g = 222
g of charcoal with ash in it. <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">Regards <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:rgb( 64 , 96 , 191 )">Crispin <u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif">From:</span></b><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"><a href="mailto:info@sun24.solar">info@sun24.solar</a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<div id="gmail-m_6343832323420919572sent">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black">Sent:</span></b><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black">October
27, 2019 9:01 AM</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black">To:</span></b><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black">Reply to:</span></b><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<div id="gmail-m_6343832323420919572subject">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black">Subject:</span></b><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black"> </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif;color:black">Re:
[Stoves] (no subject)</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'tahoma' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Here is a<span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fdocument%2Fd%2F167i50oweyfe23bRMnDSeJwlu0eM4IgTek6IO2C6JPes%2Fedit%3Fusp%3Dsharing&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cf7a8a39419ab434756bf08d7605fcde2%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637083836903162316&sdata=IsDEcM4oGvBV8fTO42lDqRNlvzRU5l59MwmS4ZLErO8%3D&reserved=0">report
from Zambia</a><span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"> </span>indicating that the rock bed and second metal grate improve the efficiency of the Zambian mbaula (all-metal) charcoal jiko by 41%. Cooking time is also greatly reduced.
While these testers have no training, their results are consistent.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">This is such a simple modification that dissemination could be very rapid. I hope some of you can try this. </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">On Thu, Oct 10, 2019 at 1:37 PM K McLean <<a href="mailto:info@sun24.solar">info@sun24.solar</a>> wrote:</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Listmates,</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Has anyone tried this?</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">We seem to have significantly increased the efficiency of charcoal jikos by putting a bed of rocks on the jiko's grate and putting second
metal grate on the rock bed. The charcoal goes on the second metal grate. 2-3 cm rocks work. It works in all metal jikos and clay jikos that we've tested. </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Our testing is early and unscientific, but consistent. 25-50% less fuel used. Here are three reports. The Sierra Leone report has
good photos at the bottom.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black"><a href="https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F12MvBKjxq6PCGCcCHAjSYSeVXXvl7jWjD%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cf7a8a39419ab434756bf08d7605fcde2%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637083836903162316&sdata=35gMVyVTcqCbtU%2FvMFpqIOiNnWLAN7DsjkwfJPSl0aU%3D&reserved=0"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'arial' , sans-serif">Sierra
Leone</span></a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:'arial' , sans-serif;color:black"><a href="https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Fopen%3Fid%3D1MPwHCwKEVqJvuybKB5Yj39nr8fbcopBP&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cf7a8a39419ab434756bf08d7605fcde2%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637083836903182333&sdata=ee%2Bu1xV2GfXqJDHdN4lfrqSH0eHa18tKtVudqmo513Q%3D&reserved=0">Kenya
(very few rocks)</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">(The report authors are untrained and not native English speakers. Especially the Kenya report contains many errors. Please focus on
the consistent final conclusion that a rock bed and second metal grate significantly reduce firewood usage.)</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">This may be a very low cost, very easy way to greatly improved the efficiency of charcoal jikos. I'd like to hear if there is already
a body of work on this. Here is my rough drawing:</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black"><20191010_<wbr><a href="http://133359.jpg">133359.jpg</a><wbr>></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Thank you,</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Kevin</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Kevin McLean, President</span></i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Sun24</span></i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black"><a href="https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fsun24.solar&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cf7a8a39419ab434756bf08d7605fcde2%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637083836903182333&sdata=RTu9BQiy%2FMugp%2FnCzUo%2BUNdDxRx%2FStxKlG%2BcjwswaVA%3D&reserved=0">https://sun24.solar</a> <span class="gmail-m_6343832323420919572apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="https://eur04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fdocument%2Fd%2F1ZryS7gQ1q3zKLZPM2KcXdtIHbOYQp4PbloPqMvrlZ5Y%2Fedit%3Fusp%3Dsharing&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cf7a8a39419ab434756bf08d7605fcde2%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637083836903192341&sdata=KstKbI7oR8n2rOPQdegGBVVBo7xO3sdxlGJCwWnpytU%3D&reserved=0">Sun24
Cookstoves Overview</a></span></i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black">Tampa, Florida, USA</span></i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black"><a href="tel:+1(813)5053340">+1 (813) 505-3340</a></span></i><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black"> <img id="gmail-m_6343832323420919572_x0000_i1025" src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=13teZQbnv_6ek6JkEy-4n0yyUVTrl3M2W&revid=0B8zNcWsuiuj3N2RuVFFYL3EvdElxR1lDcm9QQVlaL0F4VnVFPQ" style="width:2.0833in;min-height:2.0833in" height="200" width="200" border="0">
<img id="gmail-m_6343832323420919572_x0000_i1026" src="https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&id=11k6wcaMcCbykOoLu-Qo4n6Kbdhplk_er&revid=0B8zNcWsuiuj3ejdsRjRXQWU2OW4rVUpwMUx0Q0U0eXgxcStBPQ" style="width:2.0833in;min-height:2.0833in" height="200" width="200" border="0"></span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif;color:black;background:white">_______________________________________________</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:'helvetica' , sans-serif"><br>
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_______________________________________________<br>
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