<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Two lists and cc Kevin and Hugh Mclaughlin<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">See inserts below.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Mar 31, 2021, at 8:37 PM, K McLean <<a href="mailto:kmclean56@gmail.com" class="">kmclean56@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small">Stoves list, biochar list, cc Ron Larson</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><div class="gmail_default">Have any of you actually used embers/char from an open-fire cookstove (eg 3-stone) or campfire as biochar (soil amendment)? Did it work? </div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default">African women can get plenty of char from three stone while cooking. But will the char work as biochar?<br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default">Ron and I have been discussing this with others. We all have ideas on why it should or should not work. But we cannot find anyone who has actually tried it.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=""> </div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><b class="">[RWL1: I’m firmly in the ’should work’ camp. I’ve been privileged to see more than Kevin's cites below and seen a lot of char produced with scientific knowledge of their measured chracteristics. So I am pretty sure this char should have the large surface area we usually desire. - as in this famous graph from this early non-fee Johannes Lehmann paper.</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span> (<a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/1540-9295%282007%295%5B381%3ABITB%5D2.0.CO%3B2" class="">https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/1540-9295%282007%295%5B381%3ABITB%5D2.0.CO%3B2</a>)</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><img apple-inline="yes" id="9E78125C-E0AD-44AE-A21B-84122C7A6650" class="" width="796" height="464" src="cid:6187F14D-CD21-464D-AE9B-5B5FB68710A7@gprc.local"></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Hugh what can you recommend for Kevin’s associates in rural African towns where this work is occurring? (Hugh being the biochar expert I trust most on such measurements)</b></div><div class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default">We want to train women on smallholder farms to collect, quench and crush embers and then charge the char and apply it to their fields. I think this training can happen at scale with relatively little expense. With hundreds of millions of families cooking over open fires, the potential is enormous.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=""><br class=""></div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><b class="">[RWL2; Kevin’s use of the word “charged” refers to urine.</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Kevin has had great success using women’s auxiliaries in local churches to spread the word about adding rock beds under 3-stone fires to significantly improve stove efficiency. Costs for adding one new rock bed user is pennies. The same likely here - with char removal. The difference from many such stove education programs is that this one will involve biochar. We know that much more care has to be taken when the char is scheduled for the field rather than cooking a meal.<br class=""></b><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default">Using tongs to remove embers, women can make 300-800g of char daily. Because they've reported that firewood usage does not increase, <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/10aUtzXfo_y9AlmCBr5zMo-tLZbQ8qq48/view?usp=sharing" class="">SNV did a simplified WBT</a> and, counterintuitively, SNV found only an insignificant increase in fuel usage.</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><b class="">[RWL3: I’ve. reviewed this SNV work (in Viet Nam) and have asked for the raw data as well as the finished reports. </b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>But I can believe the results. - because the embers that are being collected (by SNV and by women being paid for the char) had already mostly given up its hydrogen. The fallen ember necessarily came from near the bottom of the fuel bed - where it was not contributing much to water boiling.</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Kevin’s note is just the beginning of the study of what could be revolutionary for converting any 3 stone fire into a char producer. Kevin and I have been discussing other features of a small modification of 3 stones that will only cost a few dollars and significantly improve efficiency. I am quite sure we can go from a Tier zero performance to Tier 2 or 3 - with a lot of char.</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>I have Kevin’s permission to offer one possible name for his stove - a B-CHER. (“Cher” being pronounced as the French word for “Dear” - meaning premium or precious,). The BC comes from being biochar itself shortened to BC or here B-C. HER is short for “Hot Ember Removal”. Only two syllables in B-CHER - as in “T-LUD. Other thoughts?</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Coming are more details on how to make (locally) a Tier 2-3 stove for a few dollars. I believe there are then billions who can find those few dollars if they are making char with little or no extra effort. And they can first make char with no dollars invested.</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>This is why I am excited about Kevin’s newest work.</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><div class="gmail_default">But will the char be effective? Who has tried char made this way as biochar?</div></div></div></div></blockquote><div class=""><br class=""></div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span><b class="">[RWL4: I couldn’t recall any char or biochar papers along these 3-stone. lines. But I told Kevin that I would look up some of the earliest biochar papers. (Before the name ‘biochar” was adopted). They used char purchased along a rural road. Almost certainly this char was made in a mud covered mound - and therefor was a low temperature char - much lower than char made in a. 3-stone fire.</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>A key way to think of Kevin’s approach is that all combustion (burning)) of wood starts with a pyrolysis phase. The ‘HE” - hot ember will presumably have the low H2 we desire, simply because we know it went through a red phase - and. Kevin’s workers see no white ash. Also I think virtually impossible for a “HE” hot ember to have broken off of the larger size pieces used in 3-stone fires, until it was indeed s usable char..</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>So I’m looking for Hugh M’s thoughts on HER and B-CHER. </b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>And others?</b></div><div class=""><b class=""><br class=""></b></div><div class=""><b class="">Ron<br class=""></b><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div><div class="gmail_default"><br class=""></div></div><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><span style="background-color:rgb(147,196,125)" class=""><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><font color="#999999" class=""><i class="">Kevin McLean, President<br class=""></i></font></div><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><i class=""><font color="#999999" class="">Sun24</font></i></div><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" class=""><font color="#999999" class=""><i class=""><a href="https://sun24.solar/" class="">https://sun24.solar</a> <span class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NBJwnqQToaNJlYu-NajiFh8KQQEqiQJW-jHX29wQuQo/edit" class="">Embers from Three Stone</a></span></i></font><span class="gmail_default" style="font-size:small"><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NBJwnqQToaNJlYu-NajiFh8KQQEqiQJW-jHX29wQuQo/edit" class=""></a></span><i class=""><font color="#999999" class=""><br class=""></font></i></div></span></div></div></div></div>
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