<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""> Tom,list, Kevin, Crispin<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Thanks for the added information. I got interested because of the term: "Flaming pyrolysis”. The word “pyrolysis” is so often used with charcoal making that I got caught off-guard. This especially because I know next to nothing about gasificationn. </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""> I view it a real shame that many pyrolysis and char-making papers also use the word “gasification”</div><div class="">. If I wanted to identify papers that don’t discuss char-making I would use the word “gasification”. I forgot that rule this time.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The term “Prosopsis” was new to me - but that term includes mesquite - which I know a little about. Both terms are important to biochar and stoves because. the Kenya folk were trying to eliminate Prosopsis - which has ruined a lot of land (and cutting blades - you note). </div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>I wonder if anyone has statistics on the global magnitude of this harmful biomass resource for production of biochar - for both stove and CDR reasons. Another good reason to build better biomass using stoves.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>The paper has a cite for a pyrolysis paper by Ken Bryden, founder of the annual January ETHOS stove meetings. I have requested a copy.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Re using this paper to help better understand air flow in Kevin McLean’s Sun24 modified 3-stone stove - nothing here. But I may have seen a way to better understand that radial (not up or down - sort of like “cross”) air flow in Kevin’s design. More later on that. In this “cross-flow” paper, much of the air flow is up in the pyrolysis region.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Ron</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Jun 30, 2022, at 4:55 PM, <a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com" class="">tmiles@trmiles.com</a> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Crispin, Ron,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">Saravanakumar is still active in research. This was an attempt to gasify Prosopis without chipping it. I major Prosopis project in Kenya failed a few years ago partly because they kept wearing out knives in their Finnish chipper. It was designed as a cross draft gasifier which was intended to produce gas.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">There have been various cross gas gasifiers including one developed here to generate power from coffee husks. My favorite cross draft design was developed by Foster Wheeler in Hartlepool, UK, in 1980 for gasifying tires. It was called “Tyrolysis”. The intent was to pyrolyze the tires and make a heating oil product. It did not survive. Thermal conversion of tires is a challenge in any direction.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">Tom<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class="">From:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stoves <<a href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">On Behalf Of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br class=""><b class="">Sent:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Thursday, June 30, 2022 1:33 PM<br class=""><b class="">To:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Stoves <<a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><br class=""><b class="">Subject:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Re: [Stoves] Gasifier without chopping the fuel into small pieces<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div id="response_container_BBPPID" class=""><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">Dear Ron<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">I thought it was a cross draft stove because the primary air enters horizontally and the gases exit horizontally on the other side. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">I see an air channel going to the right and up. I doubt that is an essential part of the combustion. When building a crossdraft stove it is necessary either to blow air down from the top of the fuel, or to vent gases produced in the fuel hopper. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">I haven't decided if Saravanakumar is trying to make and collect char, of it he is focussed on getting a combustible gas as the main product. He is certainly not trying to cook. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">I found his PhD thesis and his research is focussed on innovative combustion processes. What I found unusual with this paper was the intention to get good quality gas from chopped branches. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">The 10 KW power rate is not a surprise given the fuel size. It is hard to get a small number of branches to easily easily. Making it bigger will definitely make the result more predictable. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">It is nice to see that Tom Reed was a co-author. It must have been one of his last journal articles. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">Regards <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class="">Crispin <o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div><div name="BB10" id="response_div_spacer_BBPPID" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-family: initial, serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div></div><div id="_original_msg_header_BBPPID" class=""><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width: 1379px;"><tbody class=""><tr class=""><td style="padding: 0.75pt;" class=""><div style="border-style: solid none none; border-top-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(181, 196, 223); padding: 3pt 0in 0in;" class=""><div id="from" class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><b class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" class="">From:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:rongretlarson@comcast.net" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">rongretlarson@comcast.net</a><o:p class=""></o:p></span></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Crispin and list:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> Yes - an interesting paper. New to me, although a few years old.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">One could also describe this as a bottom lit updraft (BLUD) stove - which is usually down played. as desirable. And it has some relationships also to Rockets.- which are similarly bottom lit<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">I doubt of much use to anyone working on family sized cook stoves - with its rating around 10 kWth. Users at that level won’t mind the needed blower. <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">This apparently does a good job in minimizing time spent tending the fire (as does Kevin;’s and TLUDs).<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">What I found most interesting is better understanding the term "cross draft” - which is inherent also in Kevin McLean’s “Sun24”. But not TLUds using chips or pellets or holey briquettes or ball-shaped fuel.. <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> “Cross draft” here meaning horizontal - neither “up”, nor down””. But there is clearly also updraft here along two of the four sides<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">The word “cross”. meaning that pyrolysis of the central portion of the long (60+ cm) fuel pieces occurs using hot O2 coming from each end of the gaps between 3 (or 4) round horizontal cylindrical pieces of tree “trunks” (maybe limbs).<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Being close together it seems much easier for the O2 to get to the pyrolysis region with inner inner horizontal air, not inner vertical air.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">This is the situation also in Kevin’s stove. Big difference is that Kevin’s O2 starts moving radially in after flowing (pushed) downward, not being pushed upward.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">I have looked for and never found data on pressure differences at a pyrolysis front. This paper tells me that the pressure is lower at the inside glowing-flaming pyrolysis front. Complicated also by pyrolysis occurring with flames above and below logs and probably some flame motion inward (or outward.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">So it would seem that then air flow is fairly complicated where the pyrolysis gases are exiting the horizontal tree trunks. Hot gases are exiting, but O2 also has to be entering.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">I don’t see this as helping make for cheaper cooking. Certainly not for making char (although a lot more could be made if desired I presume.)<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">TDR probably pretty good since there is a blower.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Anyone able to add to the air flow near the horizontally exiting pyrolysis gases? Both here and in Kevin’s char-making stove?<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Ron<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 12pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p class=""> </o:p></p><blockquote style="margin-top: 5pt; margin-bottom: 5pt;" class="" type="cite"><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">On Jun 29, 2022, at 12:46 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class="">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></div><div class=""><div class=""><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Dear Friends<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">There is a paper by A. Saravanakumar, T.M. Haridasan, Thomas B. Reed which I would like to bring to your attention.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">A frequent complaint about gasifiers is that the fuel ahs to be chipped or reduced to mall pieces. This paper explores the gasification of stick wood in a rather interesting manner. It will not be of interest to everyone, but is worth a look and has some solid theory and construction advice.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">It is called Flaming pyrolysis model of the fixed bed cross draft long-stick wood gasifier.<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">You can see it (free) for research and discussion purposes at<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4295996%2FFlaming_pyrolysis_model_of_the_fixed_bed_cross_draft_long_stick_wood_gasifier&data=05%7C01%7C%7C5097d47386b746b1ce9208da5acac250%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637922124136666827%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=BaB4F8ZhCVutsmOrfnWmmVGZtQN65E964CE1fIgKZh4%3D&reserved=0" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193);" class="">https://www.academia.edu/4295996/Flaming_pyrolysis_model_of_the_fixed_bed_cross_draft_long_stick_wood_gasifier</span></a><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">Abstract:</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">The future industrial development of biomass energy depends on the application of renewable energy</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">technology in an ef</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">cient manner. Of all the competing technologies under biomass, gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">ers are considered</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">to be one of most viable applications. The use of biomass fuel, especially biomass wastes, for distributed</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">power production can be economically viable in many parts of the world through gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">cation of biomass.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">Since biomass, is a clean and renewable fuel, gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">cation gives the opportunity to convert biomass into clean</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fuel gas or synthesis gas for industrial uses. The preparation of feedstock for a gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">er requires time, energy</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">and labour and this has been a setback for gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">er technology development. The present work is focused on</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">cation of long-stick wood as a feed material for gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">ers. This application makes reduction not only in</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">the cost but also on the power consumption of feed material preparation. A 50 m</span><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">3</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">/h capacity gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">er was</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fabricated in the cross draft mode. The cross draft mode makes it possible to produce low tar content in</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">producer gas. This cross draft mode operates with 180W of blower supply for air to produce 10 kW of</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">thermal output. The initial bed heights of the long-stick wood and charcoal are 58 cm and 48 cm respectively.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">Results were obtained for various<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fl</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">ow conditions with air<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fl</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">ow rates ranging from 20 to 30 m</span><span style="font-size: 5pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">3</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">/h. For modelling,</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fl</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">aming pyrolysis time for long-stick wood in the gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">er is calculated to be 1.6 min. The length of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fl</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">aming</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">pyrolysis zone and char gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">cation zone is found to be 34 cm and 30 cm respectively. The rate of feed was</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">between 9 and 10 kg/h. Continuous operation for 5 h was used for three runs to study the performance. In this</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">study we measured the temperature and pressure in the different zones as a function of air</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fl</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">ow. We measured the</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">gas<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fl</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">ow and ef</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">ciency of the gasi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">fi</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">er in order to determine its commercial potential for process and power</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class="">industries.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-family: AdvTT5235d5a9, serif; color: rgb(35, 31, 32);" class=""> </span><o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Regards<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class="">Crispin<o:p class=""></o:p></div></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""> <o:p class=""></o:p></div></div></div><div style="margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;" class="">_______________________________________________<br class="">Stoves mailing list<br class=""><br class="">to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br class=""></span><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org" style="color: blue; 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