<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Helvetica;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.apple-tab-span
{mso-style-name:apple-tab-span;}
span.apple-converted-space
{mso-style-name:apple-converted-space;}
span.EmailStyle20
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Mark Bryden has collaborated with Saravanakumar. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Prosopis is a pervasive, invasive species in parts of Africa and Asia. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Tom<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Stoves <stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Ronal Larson<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, July 2, 2022 9:07 AM<br><b>To:</b> stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org; Tom Miles <trmilesjr@gmail.com>; Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <crispinpigott@outlook.com>; Kevin McLean <kevin@sun24.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Gasifier without chopping the fuel into small pieces<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal> Tom,list, Kevin, Crispin<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-tab-span> </span>Thanks for the added information. I got interested because of the term: "Flaming pyrolysis”. The word “pyrolysis” is so often used with charcoal making that I got caught off-guard. This especially because I know next to nothing about gasificationn. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> I view it a real shame that many pyrolysis and char-making papers also use the word “gasification”<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>. If I wanted to identify papers that don’t discuss char-making I would use the word “gasification”. I forgot that rule this time.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-tab-span> </span>The term “Prosopsis” was new to me - but that term includes mesquite - which I know a little about. Both terms are important to biochar and stoves because. the Kenya folk were trying to eliminate Prosopsis - which has ruined a lot of land (and cutting blades - you note). <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-tab-span> </span>I wonder if anyone has statistics on the global magnitude of this harmful biomass resource for production of biochar - for both stove and CDR reasons. Another good reason to build better biomass using stoves.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-tab-span> </span>The paper has a cite for a pyrolysis paper by Ken Bryden, founder of the annual January ETHOS stove meetings. I have requested a copy.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span class=apple-tab-span> </span>Re using this paper to help better understand air flow in Kevin McLean’s Sun24 modified 3-stone stove - nothing here. But I may have seen a way to better understand that radial (not up or down - sort of like “cross”) air flow in Kevin’s design. More later on that. In this “cross-flow” paper, much of the air flow is up in the pyrolysis region.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Ron<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Jun 30, 2022, at 4:55 PM, <a href="mailto:tmiles@trmiles.com">tmiles@trmiles.com</a> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Crispin, Ron,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Saravanakumar is still active in research. This was an attempt to gasify Prosopis without chipping it. I major Prosopis project in Kenya failed a few years ago partly because they kept wearing out knives in their Finnish chipper. It was designed as a cross draft gasifier which was intended to produce gas.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>There have been various cross gas gasifiers including one developed here to generate power from coffee husks. My favorite cross draft design was developed by Foster Wheeler in Hartlepool, UK, in 1980 for gasifying tires. It was called “Tyrolysis”. The intent was to pyrolyze the tires and make a heating oil product. It did not survive. Thermal conversion of tires is a challenge in any direction.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Tom<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><div><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Stoves <<a href="mailto:stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><span class=apple-converted-space> </span><b>On Behalf Of<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></b>Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<br><b>Sent:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Thursday, June 30, 2022 1:33 PM<br><b>To:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Stoves <<a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org">stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</a>><br><b>Subject:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Re: [Stoves] Gasifier without chopping the fuel into small pieces<o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="response_container_BBPPID"><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Dear Ron</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I thought it was a cross draft stove because the primary air enters horizontally and the gases exit horizontally on the other side. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I see an air channel going to the right and up. I doubt that is an essential part of the combustion. When building a crossdraft stove it is necessary either to blow air down from the top of the fuel, or to vent gases produced in the fuel hopper. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I haven't decided if Saravanakumar is trying to make and collect char, of it he is focussed on getting a combustible gas as the main product. He is certainly not trying to cook. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>I found his PhD thesis and his research is focussed on innovative combustion processes. What I found unusual with this paper was the intention to get good quality gas from chopped branches. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>The 10 KW power rate is not a surprise given the fuel size. It is hard to get a small number of branches to easily easily. Making it bigger will definitely make the result more predictable. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>It is nice to see that Tom Reed was a co-author. It must have been one of his last journal articles. </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Regards </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="BB10_response_div_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Crispin </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div name=BB10 id="response_div_spacer_BBPPID"><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><div id="_original_msg_header_BBPPID"><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%'><tr><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><div id=from><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><a href="mailto:rongretlarson@comcast.net">rongretlarson@comcast.net</a></span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></td></tr></table><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Crispin and list:<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> Yes - an interesting paper. New to me, although a few years old.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>One could also describe this as a bottom lit updraft (BLUD) stove - which is usually down played. as desirable. And it has some relationships also to Rockets.- which are similarly bottom lit<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I doubt of much use to anyone working on family sized cook stoves - with its rating around 10 kWth. Users at that level won’t mind the needed blower. <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>This apparently does a good job in minimizing time spent tending the fire (as does Kevin;’s and TLUDs).<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>What I found most interesting is better understanding the term "cross draft” - which is inherent also in Kevin McLean’s “Sun24”. But not TLUds using chips or pellets or holey briquettes or ball-shaped fuel.. <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> “Cross draft” here meaning horizontal - neither “up”, nor down””. But there is clearly also updraft here along two of the four sides<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>The word “cross”. meaning that pyrolysis of the central portion of the long (60+ cm) fuel pieces occurs using hot O2 coming from each end of the gaps between 3 (or 4) round horizontal cylindrical pieces of tree “trunks” (maybe limbs).<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Being close together it seems much easier for the O2 to get to the pyrolysis region with inner inner horizontal air, not inner vertical air.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>This is the situation also in Kevin’s stove. Big difference is that Kevin’s O2 starts moving radially in after flowing (pushed) downward, not being pushed upward.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I have looked for and never found data on pressure differences at a pyrolysis front. This paper tells me that the pressure is lower at the inside glowing-flaming pyrolysis front. Complicated also by pyrolysis occurring with flames above and below logs and probably some flame motion inward (or outward.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>So it would seem that then air flow is fairly complicated where the pyrolysis gases are exiting the horizontal tree trunks. Hot gases are exiting, but O2 also has to be entering.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I don’t see this as helping make for cheaper cooking. Certainly not for making char (although a lot more could be made if desired I presume.)<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>TDR probably pretty good since there is a blower.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Anyone able to add to the air flow near the horizontally exiting pyrolysis gases? Both here and in Kevin’s char-making stove?<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Ron<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Jun 29, 2022, at 12:46 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Dear Friends<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>There is a paper by A. Saravanakumar, T.M. Haridasan, Thomas B. Reed which I would like to bring to your attention.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>A frequent complaint about gasifiers is that the fuel ahs to be chipped or reduced to mall pieces. This paper explores the gasification of stick wood in a rather interesting manner. It will not be of interest to everyone, but is worth a look and has some solid theory and construction advice.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>It is called Flaming pyrolysis model of the fixed bed cross draft long-stick wood gasifier.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>You can see it (free) for research and discussion purposes at<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4295996%2FFlaming_pyrolysis_model_of_the_fixed_bed_cross_draft_long_stick_wood_gasifier&data=05%7C01%7C%7C5097d47386b746b1ce9208da5acac250%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637922124136666827%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=BaB4F8ZhCVutsmOrfnWmmVGZtQN65E964CE1fIgKZh4%3D&reserved=0"><span style='color:#0563C1'>https://www.academia.edu/4295996/Flaming_pyrolysis_model_of_the_fixed_bed_cross_draft_long_stick_wood_gasifier</span></a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>Abstract:</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>The future industrial development of biomass energy depends on the application of renewable energy</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>technology in an ef</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>cient manner. Of all the competing technologies under biomass, gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>ers are considered</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>to be one of most viable applications. The use of biomass fuel, especially biomass wastes, for distributed</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>power production can be economically viable in many parts of the world through gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>cation of biomass.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>Since biomass, is a clean and renewable fuel, gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>cation gives the opportunity to convert biomass into clean</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>fuel gas or synthesis gas for industrial uses. The preparation of feedstock for a gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>er requires time, energy</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>and labour and this has been a setback for gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>er technology development. The present work is focused on</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>cation of long-stick wood as a feed material for gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>ers. This application makes reduction not only in</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>the cost but also on the power consumption of feed material preparation. A 50 m</span><span style='font-size:5.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>3</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>/h capacity gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>er was</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>fabricated in the cross draft mode. The cross draft mode makes it possible to produce low tar content in</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>producer gas. This cross draft mode operates with 180W of blower supply for air to produce 10 kW of</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>thermal output. The initial bed heights of the long-stick wood and charcoal are 58 cm and 48 cm respectively.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>Results were obtained for various<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fl</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>ow conditions with air<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fl</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>ow rates ranging from 20 to 30 m</span><span style='font-size:5.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>3</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>/h. For modelling,</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>the<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fl</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>aming pyrolysis time for long-stick wood in the gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>er is calculated to be 1.6 min. The length of the<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fl</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>aming</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>pyrolysis zone and char gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>cation zone is found to be 34 cm and 30 cm respectively. The rate of feed was</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>between 9 and 10 kg/h. Continuous operation for 5 h was used for three runs to study the performance. In this</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>study we measured the temperature and pressure in the different zones as a function of air</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fl</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>ow. We measured the</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>gas<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fl</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>ow and ef</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>ciency of the gasi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;color:#231F20'>fi</span><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>er in order to determine its commercial potential for process and power</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'>industries.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:7.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#231F20'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Regards<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Crispin<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br></span><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0563C1'>stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</span></a><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br></span><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Flists.bioenergylists.org%2Fmailman%2Flistinfo%2Fstoves_lists.bioenergylists.org&data=05%7C01%7C%7C5097d47386b746b1ce9208da5acac250%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637922124136666827%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=T7erUFVw7b4iw%2FMX5H2iSdhi62bxXHinquEdWzGbLC0%3D&reserved=0"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0563C1'>http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</span></a><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br></span><a href="https://nam12.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstoves.bioenergylists.org%2F&data=05%7C01%7C%7C5097d47386b746b1ce9208da5acac250%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C637922124136666827%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=3lQLuQWpOmnqw6hvSFbta3IeAHSyrGtq05Eo6oBlhCc%3D&reserved=0"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#0563C1'>http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</span></a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></blockquote></div><div><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>_______________________________________________<br>Stoves mailing list<br><br>to Send a Message to the list, use the email address<br></span><a href="mailto:stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org</span></a><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><br><br>to UNSUBSCRIBE or Change your List Settings use the web page<br></span><a href="http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>http://lists.bioenergylists.org/mailman/listinfo/stoves_lists.bioenergylists.org</span></a><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><br><br>for more Biomass Cooking Stoves, News and Information see our web site:<br></span><a href="http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/"><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>http://stoves.bioenergylists.org/</span></a><o:p></o:p></p></div></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>