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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Julien<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">That was a helpful qualification.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Yes the risk is high. Of course it depends on where it is – inside or out, basically.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">When you dump char out (any burning charcoal, and let it smoulder) the CO production is about 12% to 14% (ppm) of the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">This is not as high as can be obtained from a badly designed stove, but it is substantial. It is not correct to assume that all the burn releases CO. A great deal of the carbon burns directly to
CO<sub>2</sub> on the surface. In other words even though you don’t see flames, most of the carbon comes off as CO<sub>2</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">If you make the calculation as CO/(CO+CO<sub>2</sub>) that 12-14 per cent becomes 10.7 to 12.3 per cent of the emitted carbon mass.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">So…this means you can calculate the emission rate if you can put your char onto a scale and watch it for a while. Whatever the mass loss is, about 11% of it is CO. From that you get a mass emission
rate. Maybe that is useful.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">For a decent TLUD, the CO emission will be very low, and the dumped smouldering char represents a large increase in the emission rate. For a charcoal stove, unless is it of the latest designs, there
is often a drop in CO emissions. Most charcoal stove have dreadful CO emission rates, worse than a smouldering pile of char (which is amazing, really). What matters in such a case is how much eventually burns away. It is probably less than you imagine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">To date charcoal stoves in Africa have failed to meet the Tier 3 requirement for entry into the RFB projects. Recently there has been some training courses for producers in charcoal stove design
held in Kigali, Rwanda. Some 20 companies participated and there are several stoves now coming to market with Tier 4 and Tier 5 CO rates. In some cases only a single change was required, meaning a new combustion chamber replaced the original creating, in
one case, a 99% drop in CO. In that case it went from a CO/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio of 12% to 0.13% which is deep into Tier 5. That is comparable to a good LPG stove which are typically 0.2%.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">In this new case there is a rise in emissions if you were to tip out the fuel and let it sit smouldering on the ground. In most cases, unfortunately, charcoal stoves are no better than a smouldering
pile. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">So watch this space for some spectacular changes in the charcoal stove product offerings. I am hoping one of them will qualify as a Tier 4 on all metrics.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">For the TLUD’s producing char fuel, it will be interesting to see if the latest designs can use the fuel directly without making pellets and pass ISO Tier 3.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">If someone want to try, let’s talk.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Crispin<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Crispin Pemberton-Pigott<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">New Dawn Engineering Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">P.O. Box 3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Alberta Beach, Alberta<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Canada T0E 0A0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><u><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:#0563C1"><a href="http://www.newdawnengineering.com/"><span lang="FR-CA" style="color:#0563C1">www.newdawnengineering.com</span></a></span></u><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif">APEGA Permit 16026<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Research & Design Office<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">5011 Crestview Drive<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Val Quentin , Alberta<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="FR-CA" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Canada, T0E 0A0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">+1-519-886-7772<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Mobile<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Canada +1-519-729-3442 + WhatsApp + WeChat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black">Email:
<a href="mailto:crispinpigott@outlook.com">crispinpigott@outlook.com</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Garamond",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> Stoves <stoves-bounces@lists.bioenergylists.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Julien Winter<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, September 19, 2023 8:04 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Discussion of biomass cooking stoves <stoves@lists.bioenergylists.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Stoves] Risk of CO poisoning with TLUDs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi All;<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I should mention that I am most concerned with the potential risk when char is not handled efficiently, such as char leaving the TLUD unattended after running the TLUD with the primary air turned down, or dumping the char into a pile without
quenching it.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julien<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, Sep 18, 2023 at 9:36 PM Julien Winter <<a href="mailto:winter.julien@gmail.com">winter.julien@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi All;<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Something just occurred to me. If a large amount of char is allowed to accumulate at the bottom of a TLUD, and the primary air flow is low, is there a risk of carbon monoxide poisoning?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julien<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<span class="gmailsignatureprefix">-- </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julien Winter<br>
Cobourg, ON, CANADA<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="gmailsignatureprefix">-- </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Julien Winter<br>
Cobourg, ON, CANADA<o:p></o:p></p>
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