[Stoves] Emissions- detection fine particulate

Thu Aug 4 13:14:23 CDT 2011

Dear Crispin, Martin and Stovers,

A poor mans way of determining fine particles (to 5 um) might be the method
used for asbestos fibers. All you need is a 1) microscope that works at 400X
and cross polarization, 2) personal air pump fitted with 3) cellulose ester
filter paper, 4) acetone and 5) slides etc.  Phase contrast is not needed in
contrast to what the method says. 

Just filter air through the filter paper for a known time and rate. Cut a
wedge of the paper and place on a glass slide. Wave the slide over acetone
vapors to make transparent. Cover slip and look at under a microscope. The
graticule slid will give indication of the size of the area looked at so to
calculate the total amount of particles on the filter and calculate the
amount in the room. 

Brief description: 

PCM by NIOSH 7400

In NIOSH Method 7400, asbestos is collected on a 25 mm cellulose ester
filter (cassette-equipped with a 50 mm electrically-conductive cowl).
Sampling is done at 0.5 L/min or greater. Adjust sampling flow rate, Q
(L/min), and time, t (min), to produce a fiber density, E, of 100 to 1300
fibers/mm 2 for optimum accuracy.

When preparing the sample in the lab, the filter is treated with acetone (to
collapse) and triacetin (to immerse) to make it transparent and then is
analyzed by microscopy at 400x to 500x magnification, with phase-contrast
illumination, using a Walton-Beckett Graticule. A fiber is defined as any
particle with a length >5 µm and a length-to-diameter ratio of >3:1.

Frank Shields
Control Laboratories, Inc.
42 Hangar Way
Watsonville, CA  95076
(831) 724-5422 tel
(831) 724-3188 fax
frank at compostlab.com
www.compostlab.com

-----Original Message-----
From: stoves-bounces at lists.bioenergylists.org
[mailto:stoves-bounces at lists.bioenergylists.org] On Behalf Of Crispin
Pemberton-Pigott
Sent: Wednesday, August 03, 2011 7:54 PM
To: Discussion of biomass cooking stoves
Subject: Re: [Stoves] Wood fired, two-stage gasification employed

Dear Robert and anyone who can help:

The emissions are given per cubic metre. It is likely that the flue gas
measurements are normalised to a certain oxygen level, for example 7% or
11%. Does anyone know what the O2 level is when reporting the CO limit, for
example?

The number is not meaningful unless the dilution value is known. Because of
the confusion created by having in Europe a different dilution factor for
each fuel I advocate that all emissions be calculated at 0% O2 (no dilution
at all) because a) it is easy to calculate and b) everything is directly
comparable (different fuels and stoves). 
Whatever the dilution factor is the corrected emission numbers is per M^3
seem pretty high. 

Interesting. 

Regards
Crispin 
-----Original Message-----
From: "Robert Taylor" <rt at ms1.hinet.net>
Sender: stoves-bounces at lists.bioenergylists.org
Date: Thu, 4 Aug 2011 07:49:07 
To: Discussion of biomass cooking stoves<stoves at lists.bioenergylists.org>
Reply-To: Discussion of biomass cooking stoves
	<stoves at lists.bioenergylists.org>
Subject: Re: [Stoves] Wood fired, two-stage gasification employed

Here's a rough and ready translation of the German in the two pages that 
Martin links to:

Umwelttechnik:

Environmental technology

To reduce environmental loads, the legal limits on CO and fine particulate 
emissions have been redefined. The planned limits are:

Fine particulates:

Legal limit from 2008: 100 mg/m3; from 2015: 40 mg/m3

xeoos Twinfire emissions, 2008: 22 mg/m3

Carbon monoxide:

Legal limit from 2008: 2000 mg/m3; from 2015: 1250 mg/m3

xeoos Twinfire emissions, 2008: 625 mg/m3

The xeoos, with its patented combustion process, not only meets these 
values, but goes far below them, even at partial or minimum loads. This is 
achieved by:

- Burning exhaust gases at 1000-1200 deg C

- 180-degree inertial separation of suspended particulates from exhaust 
gases in lower combustion chamber

- intelligent air routing inside stove leads to maximum heat transfer into 
room

Brenntechnik:

Combustion technology

In the xeoos Twinfire combustion process, the exhaust gases created by the 
burning of wood in the upper combustion chamber undergo an afterburn at 
temperatures of 1000-1200 deg C and are thus converted into additional heat 
and energy. In this way the xeoos achieves:

- efficiency of over 90% throughout the burn period

- up to 40% less ash generation for the same heat output, compared to a 
xeoos fireplace stove not operating in twinfire mode

- up to 40% lower fuel consumption for the same heat output, compared to a 
xeoos fireplace stove not operating in twinfire mode

- extremely low proportion of fine particulates, and very low proportion of 
CO, in exhaust gases

- consistently low emissions even at partial or minimum load

Facts:

- body in steel sheet 4 mm thick

- front frame in gray cast iron

- combustion chamber cladding in vermiculite

- combustion chamber floor in special refractory* material

(*the meaning of the German word is probably more specific than this; see 
"Schamotte" in German Wikipedia)

- double floor in highly heat resistant stainless* steel

(*"Edelstahl" is usually translated as "stainless steel", but not every 
Edelstahl is stainless, and not every stainless steel is an Edelstahl; the 
term covers various special-purpose steels, as defined by the relevant 
standards)

- twinfire grate in highly heat resistant stainless steel

- ash box in highly heat resistant stainless steel

- simple, ergonomic control via two thermally decoupled control elements

- free choice of top or rear flue outlet

- all stoves can be equipped with xeoos adaptor for external combustion air 
feed

- xeoos stoves can optionally be equipped to be rotatable

- the xeoos burns with normal chimney draft

- five years' warranty on body

Figure:

Twinfire tuner

Door handle/Twinfire starter

Upper combustion chamber

Twinfire grate

Lower combustion chamber

Ash box

HTH

Robert Taylor

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Boll, Martin Dr." <boll.bn at t-online.de>
To: <stoves at lists.bioenergylists.org>; "'Crispin Pemberton-Pigott'" 
<crispinpigott at gmail.com>
Sent: Thursday, August 04, 2011 6:10 AM
Subject: Re: [Stoves] Wood fired, two-stage gasification employed

> Crispin,
>
> There is another two-stage top to bottom burning room-heating-stove. I saw
> it some years ago here in Hatzfeld-Reddighausen, Germany, in the show-room
> of the producer.
> It has natural draft!
> The website is in German, Swedish and Polish, not in English. But the 
> pages
> on bottom have pictures and short technical terms.
> It is certainly even eco and bio but they do not make so much music about
> that.
> http://www.xeoos.de/technik/umwelttechnik.html
>
> http://www.xeoos.de/technik/brenntechnik.html
>
> - Interested in your meaning -
>
> Kind Regards
> Martin

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