[Stoves] Fwd: WASHplus Weekly: Focus on Cookstoves and the Environment

Fri Apr 26 13:09:42 CDT 2013

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From: WASHplus <dacampbell at fhi360.org>
Date: Fri, Apr 26, 2013 at 7:15 AM
Subject: WASHplus Weekly: Focus on Cookstoves and the Environment

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              *Issue 98 | April 26, 2013 | Cookstoves and the Environment*

The March 29, 2013 issue of the *WASHplus Weekly* focused on the health
impacts<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=42f8ee276e&e=e6bffabdd7>of
household air pollution and cookstoves. This issue looks at
environmental issues related to cookstoves, with studies from 2012 and
2013. Included are updates from EPA and USAID. Other studies discuss
climate change and black carbon, the use of alternative fuels such as
biogas, biochar and the effectiveness of improved cookstoves.

*ORGANIZATIONAL UPDATES*

   - *EPA - Study Advances Clean Cookstove Technology*. EPA.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=c43cbccc29&e=e6bffabdd7>
   The results of an EPA study are benefiting global public health and the
   environment by providing extensive cookstove data on air emissions and
   energy efficiency. As an international leader in cookstove testing, EPA
   supports the development of clean sustainable cookstove technology and
   efforts to establish international testing standards and protocols.

   - *Earthspark - Efficient Cookstoves Reduce Deforestation in Haiti*,
   2013. Earthspark.
(Video)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=b5722bf1e1&e=e6bffabdd7>
   In this video, Earthspark International works with local Haitian
   craftsmen to create energy efficient stoves, thereby reducing deforestation
   created by charcoal usage.

   - *Population Reference Bureau - Energy-Saving Stoves and Family
   Planning Benefit Women and Families in Rural Uganda*. PRB Blog, Jan
   2013. R Yavinsky.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=6765f3d31e&e=e6bffabdd7>
   The Health of People and the Environment-Lake Victoria Basin (HoPE-LVB)
   project is working in Busi Island in Uganda, and its activities include
   energy saving stoves.  This blog entry discusses visits to two families
   that were provided energy-saving stoves and family planning/environment
   training and serve as model households for the project.  At the first home,
   the parents of eight children and grandparents to two proudly showed off
   their new stoves and store of wood. At the second home, the mother was
   taught how to construct her own energy-saving stove and she now trains
   other women in the area.

   - *USAID - Clean Cookstoves: Saving Trees and Lives in Tanzania*. Impact
   Blog, Dec 2012.
(Video)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=0af4134ee1&e=e6bffabdd7>
   This video features the work of a USAID-funded Building Actors and
   Leaders for Advancing Community Excellence in Development (BALANCED)
   project. BALANCED focuses their efforts to combine sustainable livelihood
   generation, natural resource conservation and empowerment of women through
   the provision of clean cookstoves.

*REPORTS*

   - *Assessing the Climate Impacts of Cookstove Projects:  Issues in
   Emissions Accounting*, 2013. C Lee.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=90a8613c96&e=e6bffabdd7>
   This paper evaluates the quantification approaches to three key
   variables in calculating emission impacts: biomass fuel consumption,
   fraction of non-renewable biomass, and emission factors for fuel
   consumption. It draws on a literature review as well as on interviews with
   technical experts and market actors, and identifies lessons learned and
   knowledge gaps.

   - *Charcoal Production*, 2013. Energypedia.com.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=be52bf81cf&e=e6bffabdd7>
   Charcoal consumption is a very controversial issue, as the
   transformation process from wood to charcoal results in considerable energy
   loss, requiring significantly more forest resources to produce the same
   amount of energy. This has led to many countries such as Kenya, Tanzania
   and Gambia to impose bans on charcoal.

*JOURNAL ARTICLES*

   - *Applicability of Biogas Technology in Rural Development and Green
   House Gas Mitigation*. *International Journal of ChemTech Research,
   Apr-June 2013*. S Sharma.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=4416655cfc&e=e6bffabdd7>
   Biogas stoves fueled by anaerobic digesters of animal, human and crop
   waste have been shown in laboratory studies to reduce health damaging air
   pollution by up to 90%. It is also proving itself a milestone in fighting
   against global warming by its potential for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2)
   and methane.

   - *Benefits and Costs of Improved Cookstoves: Assessing the Implications
   of Variability in Health*, *Forest and Climate Impacts**. PLoS ONE 7(2)
   2012*. M Jeuland.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=2466340681&e=e6bffabdd7>
   Current attention to improved cook stoves focuses on the “triple
   benefits” they provide, in improved health and time savings for households,
   in preservation of forests and associated ecosystem services, and in
   reducing emissions that contribute to global climate change. Despite the
   purported economic benefits of such technologies, however, progress in
   achieving large-scale adoption and use has been remarkably slow.

   - *Cleaner Cooking Solutions to Achieve Health, Climate, and Economic
   Cobenefits*. *Env Sci Technol, Apr 2013*. S Anenberg.
(Abstract)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=72549ba922&e=e6bffabdd7>
   Several recent studies, as well as key emerging national and
   international efforts, are making progress toward enabling wide-scale
   household adoption of cleaner and more efficient stoves and fuels. While
   significant challenges remain, these efforts offer considerable promise to
   save lives, improve forest sustainability, slow climate change, and empower
   women around the world.

   - *Climate Change Threats to Population Health and Well-Being: The
   Imperative of Protective Solutions that Will Last*. *Glob Health Action.
   6(10) 2013*. T Kjellstrom.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=719c6c68cc&e=e6bffabdd7>
   The observational evidence of the impacts of climate conditions on human
   health is accumulating. A variety of direct, indirect, and systemically
   mediated health effects have been identified.

   - *Cost and Benefit Analysis of the Installation of Improved Cooking
   Stoves in Bangladesh: A Case Study in Tangail District*. *Bangladesh
   Research Publications Journal, Nov-Dec 2012*. M Alam.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=15b2be3d88&e=e6bffabdd7>
   The economic analyses assessed the economic benefits for the households
   using the improved cooking stoves and the economic benefits derived from
   the reduction of CO2 emission due to the use of the improved cooking stoves
   on a national level.

   - *Dispelling Common Misconceptions to Improve Attitudes and Policy
   Outlook on Charcoal in Developing Countries*. *Energy for Sustainable
   Development, Apr 2013*. T Mwampamba.
(Abstract)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=cb715f0bbd&e=e6bffabdd7>
   The production, use and trade of charcoal for domestic cooking and
   heating are characterized by contradictions, stereotyping, and
   misconceptions. Partial information, over-generalizations, and the tendency
   to consolidate charcoal with other biomass fuels have contributed to gross
   misrepresentation of charcoal in terms of its actual impact on forests, its
   role in improving energy access, and in appropriate interventions.

   - *Global Air Quality and Health Co-benefits of Mitigating Near-Term
   Climate Change through Methane and Black Carbon Emission Controls*. *Environ
   Health Perspect, June 2012*.  S Anenberg.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=b8df04ebfc&e=e6bffabdd7>
   In addition to climate benefits, findings indicate that the methane and
   black carbon emission control measures would have substantial co-benefits
   for air quality and public health worldwide, potentially reversing trends
   of increasing air pollution concentrations and mortality.

   - *Household Energy Consumption: Community Context and the Fuelwood
   Transition*. *Social Science Research 41, 2012*. C Link.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=6fdb2de98c&e=e6bffabdd7>
   This study examined the inﬂuence of community context on change over
   time in households’ use of non-wood fuels. Results reveal that increased
   exposure to nonfamily organizations in the local community increases the
   use of alternative fuels.

   - *Improved Cooking Stoves and Firewood Consumption: Quasi-Experimental
   Evidence from the Northern Peruvian Andes*. *Ecological Economics, May
   2013*. M Adrianzén.
(Abstract)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=82985c0e4a&e=e6bffabdd7>
   This paper estimates the impact of an improved stove design distributed
   in the Northern Peruvian Andes on firewood consumption. Improved stove
   usage appears to reduce firewood consumption by approximately 46% in the
   study area.

   - *Improving Urban Residents’ Awareness of the Impact of Household
   Activities on Climate Change in Lagos State, Nigeria**. Journal of
   Sustainable Development, 6(4) 2013*. O Oloke.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=dd7fd028dd&e=e6bffabdd7>
   Result of analysis indicate that although most urban residents indicate
   various level of awareness of occurrence, they are least aware of the
   contribution of household activities to atmospheric greenhouse gas
   concentration and that professional property managers rarely sensitize
   occupants in this direction. The study concludes by suggesting ways to call
   the attention of urban residents to the impact of household activities on
   atmospheric greenhouse gases’ concentration with a view to reducing
   emission from this sector in the future.

   - *Life Cycle Assessment to Evaluate the Environmental Impact of Biochar
   Implementation in Conservation Agriculture in Zambia*. *Env Sci Tech,
   Dec 2012*. M Sparrevik.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=c28847128e&e=e6bffabdd7>
   The use of biochar in conservation farming was shown to be beneficial
   for climate change mitigation purposes. However, when including health
   impacts from particle emissions originating from biochar production,
   conservation farming plus biochar from earth-mound kilns generally results
   in a larger negative effect over the whole life cycle than conservation
   farming without biochar addition. The results emphasize the necessity of
   focusing on production impacts in addition to soil effects when evaluating
   biochar amendment.

   - *Pollutant Emissions and Energy E**ﬃ**ciency under Controlled
   Conditions for Household Biomass Cookstoves and Implications for Metrics
   Useful in Setting International Test Standards*. *Env Sci Technol, Aug
   2012*. J Jetter.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=68aecd236f&e=e6bffabdd7>
   Realistic metrics and methods for testing household biomass cookstoves
   are required to develop standards needed by international policy makers,
   donors, and investors. Application of consistent test practices allows
   emissions and energy eﬃciency performance to be benchmarked and enables
   meaningful comparisons among traditional and advanced stove types.

   - *Potential of Low Pressure Agricultural Waste Briquettes: An
   Alternative Energy Source for Cooking in Nigeria*. *J. Renewable
   Sustainable Energy, (5) 2013*. A. Kuhe.
(Abstract)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=5600b4202c&e=e6bffabdd7>
   The quest for alternative fuel for heating and cooking as a result of
   depletion of fossil fuel and environmental pollution associated with its
   burning has necessitated the need to improve on the use of loose agro-waste
   as an alternative in Nigeria. The results show that briquettes could be a
   viable alternative to fuel wood.

   - *Towards Sustainable Energy Utilisation: An Analysis of Various
   Cooking Fuel Options in Malawi*. *Journal of Mechanical Engineering
   Research, Mar 2013*. L Nkhonjera.
(Link)<http://washplus.us2.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=7bbb988485&e=e6bffabdd7>
   Recent studies have shown that cooking using other energy sources such
   as electricity, biogas,  ethanol/gelfuel, liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene
   and jatropha oil is viable. The objective of this study was to find out if
   the available energy alternatives would be sustainably viable for cooking
   in Malawi.

Each WASHplus Weekly highlights topics such as Urban WASH, Indoor Air
Pollution, Innovation, Household Water Treatment and Storage, Hand Washing,
Integration, and more. If you would like to feature your organization's
materials in upcoming issues, please send them to Dan Campbell, WASHplus
knowledge resources specialist, at dacampbell at fhi360.org.
           About WASHplus - WASHplus, a five-year project funded through
USAID’s Bureau for Global Health, creates supportive environments for
healthy households and communities by delivering high-impact interventions
in water, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) and indoor air pollution (IAP).
 WASHplus uses proven, at-scale interventions to reduce diarrheal diseases
and acute respiratory infections, the two top killers of children under
five years of age globally.  For information, visit
www.washplus.org<http://washplus.us2.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=ed50820bda89f8241498bf4db&id=0df45bd951&e=e6bffabdd7>
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email: contact at washplus.org. <contact at washplus.org>
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-- 
Josh Kearns
PhD Candidate, Environmental Engineering
University of Colorado-Boulder
Visiting Researcher, North Carolina State University

Director of Science
Aqueous Solutions
www.aqsolutions.org

Mobile: 720 989 3959
Skype: joshkearns
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