[Stoves] more on ocean acidification

Thu Aug 8 06:07:03 CDT 2013

*By absorbing increased amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by
human activities, oceans are becoming more acidic— by more than 30 per
cent—since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution 250 years ago,
according to data cited in a report by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the
General Assembly.*

*It is predicted that by 2050 ocean acidity could increase by 150 per cent,
a rate of increase that is 100 times faster than any change in acidity
experienced in the marine environment over the last 20 million years.*

*
http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO1306/S00439/un-general-assembly-to-explore-impact-of-ocean-acidification.htm
*

On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 5:56 PM, Paul Olivier <paul.olivier at esrla.com> wrote:

> *Since the beginning of the industrial era, humans have pumped increasing
> amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This has led not only to a
> warmer climate but also to significant changes in the chemistry of the
> oceans, which have long acted as a sink for carbon emissions but are being
> asked to absorb more than they can handle. The result is ocean
> acidification: increasingly corrosive seawater that has already ruined many
> coral reefs and over time could threaten the entire marine food chain.
>
> http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/opinion/marine-life-on-a-warming-planet.html
> *
>
>
> On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 5:08 PM, Paul Olivier <paul.olivier at esrla.com>wrote:
>
>> Crispin,
>>
>> The term that the scientific community uses is "ocean acidification," and
>> this is a very real environmental problem that most people in the
>> scientific community do not deny.
>>
>> Many thanks.
>> Paul Olivier
>>
>>
>> On Thu, Aug 8, 2013 at 12:27 PM, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <
>> crispinpigott at gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>> Dear Friends****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> I have been catching up on less important correspondence after being in
>>> Asia for a while. There is one thing that still needs to be put down like a
>>> broken-legged horse and that of course is the idea that CO2 ‘acidifies’
>>> the ocean.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Because this is a high school chemistry level topic and I know some of
>>> us took other things – or as the drummer in my brothers class said, “I
>>> don’t remember Chemistry, I was stoned that year.”****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> So for those of you who were also stoned that year or can’t remember
>>> back that far, here is a simple review of pH with special reference to the
>>> oceans, CO2 and the false, badly mis-named idea that CO2 ‘increases the
>>> acidity of the oceans’.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> The term pH refers to one of three distinct chemical conditions which
>>> bear no relationship to each other. One is called acidity, another is
>>> called alkalinity and third is ‘neutral’. Acidity and alkalinity are so
>>> different that if equal in ‘strength’ they cancel each other completely
>>> leaving a neutral condition. Different pH numbers refer to different
>>> conditions.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Acid solutions (it has to be a solution with water in it) have a
>>> chemistry that has Hydrogen atoms stripped of their single electron. They
>>> are thus positively changed and seeking an electron. This they will happily
>>> strip out of anything passing by if they can find it, tearing the molecules
>>> to bits in the process which is why acids ‘eat’ things.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Alkaline solutions (again, involving water) have molecules that have an
>>> extra electron available (but not Hydrogen) and are thus negatively
>>> charged. They will give away an electron happily, often wrecking the object
>>> that receives it which is why they eat things too but by a completely
>>> different process.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Both acidic and alkaline solutions can corrode things like metals and
>>> rocks. One takes electrons and one gives them. Quote opposite. The two
>>> conditions are so incompatible they cannot be present at the same time in a
>>> mixed solution. It is one, the other or ‘neutral’ if neither condition is
>>> present.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> If you have an alkaline solution like the ocean (pH 7.8 - 8.4 depending
>>> on where you are, the time of day and a host of other things) and you want
>>> to neutralise it so that all its spare electrons are taken up by various
>>> things, you would have to add something acidic. Adding CO2 by bubbling
>>> it through the seawater will convert some of the CO2 (about 1%) to
>>> carbonic acid which has a deficiency of electrons and that acid will merge
>>> with whichever passing opportunity presents itself. The corresponding
>>> alkaline molecule will be neutralised as its spare electron will be passed
>>> to the carbonic acid molecule (which has an H- in it) and afterwards
>>> neither will have any charge. Both will be neutralised if the charges are
>>> balanced.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Because this happens very quickly, you cannot actually find any carbonic
>>> acid in the ocean. Nor any other acid. The oceans are not acidic at all.
>>> Any ocean has quite a store of available electrons. Anything acidic you
>>> dump into the sea is quickly neutralised and the pH drops slightly because
>>> it is closer to a neutral condition. The oceanic capacity to hand over
>>> electrons to any passing electron gap is very, very large. There are
>>> several processes that would begin to offer electrons but do not because
>>> the ocean is too alkaline to allow them to get started. The ability to do
>>> this is called the ‘buffering’ capacity. You may remember ‘Bufferin’ the
>>> pill that neutralises stomach acid. The pill is alkaline and has a large
>>> buffering capacity so it can hand a lot of electrons over to the acid in
>>> the stomach, thus neutralising it. If you took a whole bottle of Bufferin
>>> pills, your stomach would not become less and less and less acidic. It
>>> would be neutralised and then become alkaline and remains so until the
>>> spare electrons were taken up in a neutralising process. People are, in
>>> general, alkaline and should eat alkaline foods to remain healthy. Excess
>>> acid is a problem.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> By the same measure, reducing the availability of spare electrons in the
>>> ocean water does not *at all* make the water acidic because it still
>>> has many more available electrons. It is less alkaline, but it is not
>>> acidic at all – zero in the ‘acidic scale’ (there isn’t one). ****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> In order to make a convenient metric for describing these two conditions
>>> (which can cancel each other out very predictably) the pH scale is used.
>>> Above 7.0 the solution has available electrons and is termed alkaline.
>>> Below 7.0 is has a deficiency of electrons and is called ‘acidic’. The
>>> reason for the use of two different terms is they are chemically dissimilar
>>> and cannot coexist.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Acidity of a solution is often represented by the Hydrogen equivalent [H
>>> +]T which is the total number of Hydrogen electrons that would be
>>> needed to neutralise it.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Alkalinity is often expressed in terms of its equivalence to Calcium
>>> Carbonate CACO3 in mg/Litre.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Q.           Can CO2 ‘acidify’ water? ****
>>>
>>> A.            Yes, if the water is neutral to begin with, or already
>>> acidic, like rain water. Because rain water is acidic, when it falls into
>>> the ocean it neutralises the drops of seawater where it touches, before
>>> becoming diluted again by the surrounding ocean. Rainwater does not impart
>>> to the ocean any microscopic ability to withdraw electrons. It is quickly
>>> neutralised by some seawater. When it is finished a few seconds later, the
>>> acid has been destroyed.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Q.           If one bubbled CO2 through sea water, would it eventually
>>> become acidic?****
>>>
>>> A.            Yes. If you were to first neutralise all the available
>>> electrons by mopping them up, after that it would start to become acidic.
>>> It would not considered be acidic at all until the whole body of the sample
>>> had first been neutralised. These two conditions cannot co-exist.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Q.           What about ‘acid rain’. ****
>>>
>>> A.            All rain is acidic. It is acidic because fresh water
>>> absorbs CO2 rapidly from the atmosphere, converting about 1% into carbonic
>>> acid. This falls into the oceans and reacts with the available alkaline
>>> molecules. It is easy to acidify rain. It is very difficult to neutralise
>>> the oceans because of the rocks upon which they sit which have a huge,
>>> massive buffering capacity. There are numerous life cycles of creatures
>>> that withdraw CO2, CO3-2 and HCO3- when it is available. Obviously CACO3is high on the list for uptake by creatures that make shells.
>>> ****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Q.           Which has a larger impact on ocean alkalinity: atmospheric
>>> CO2 or rain containing CO2?****
>>>
>>> A.            Not clear. Rain has a big effect because oceans actually
>>> have difficulty picking up enough CO2 to drive the level much above 600
>>> ppm because of the limited surface area compared with the volume and the
>>> huge buffering capacity.  Rain is much higher - about 1120 ppm CO2.
>>> Global rainfall totals about half a million cubic kilometers per year and
>>> contains about 600 billion tons of CO2 which is about 20 times human<http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/anthropogenic-climate-change.html>output.
>>> ****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Q.           What is the mass of the oceans?****
>>>
>>> A.            1.332 billion billion tons.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Q.           Do reputable scientific organisations refer to ‘acidifying’
>>> the oceans even though that is not, chemically, what it happening?****
>>>
>>> A.            Yes. NASA does<http://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OceanCarbon/>.
>>> “As we burn fossil fuels and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels go up, the
>>> ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide to stay in balance. But this absorption
>>> has a price: these reactions lower the water’s pH, meaning it’s more
>>> acidic.”****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> Q.           But it is less alkaline, not more acidic. Why do they write
>>> that when it is untrue, in fact it is unscientific?****
>>>
>>> A.            I don’t think anyone knows.  Perhaps they too missed
>>> Chemistry in high school.****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> +++++++****
>>>
>>> Regards
>>> Crispin****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>> *Sent:* Friday, July 26, 2013 3:25 PM
>>> *Subject:* [Stoves] more on ocean acidification****
>>>
>>> ** **
>>>
>>>
>>> http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=noaa-scientists-embark-voyage-asses-ocean-acidification
>>>
>>> --
>>> Paul A. Olivier PhD
>>> 26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong
>>> Dalat
>>> Vietnam
>>>
>>>
>>> ****
>>>
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>>>
>>
>>
>> --
>> Paul A. Olivier PhD
>> 26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong
>> Dalat
>> Vietnam
>>
>> Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124 (rings Vietnam)
>> Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)
>> Skype address: Xpolivier
>> http://www.esrla.com/
>>
>
>
>
> --
> Paul A. Olivier PhD
> 26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong
> Dalat
> Vietnam
>
> Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124 (rings Vietnam)
> Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)
> Skype address: Xpolivier
> http://www.esrla.com/
>

-- 
Paul A. Olivier PhD
26/5 Phu Dong Thien Vuong
Dalat
Vietnam

Louisiana telephone: 1-337-447-4124 (rings Vietnam)
Mobile: 090-694-1573 (in Vietnam)
Skype address: Xpolivier
http://www.esrla.com/
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