[Stoves] Blue flame of TLUD-FA with rice hull fuel

[tmiles at trmiles.com]

Julien, 

 

Thank you for the great list of references. Abrasive is probably the major reason that crop residues are not densified in the US. Die maintenance is simply too expensive. 

 

One aspect of densification that is often overlooked is the role of cellulose and sugars. Materials like fresh grasses with an abundance of sugars are easily densified because they carry their own binder. Mature plants like straws and husks require binders or more heat and pressure for binding. Molasses is a common binder for feed briquettes, cubes or pellets. Cassava and similar materials are often used. 

 

As fibers are pressed together they are heated by the resistance in the die. The heat drives out moisture and the binding mechanism is hydrogen bonding – hydrogen molecules binding hydroxyl radicals in the fibers. This is sometimes called “paper bonding”. When you put two pieces of paper together, wet them and let them dry they stick together. Paper bonding is the initial methods of binding in densification. Making a paper mache and letting it dry is the basis of many fuel logs or briquettes. I don’t know of anyone ensiling rice husks before densifying them but that may be an approach. Paper bonding is the mechanism for most low pressure pelleting equipment.  

 

As fibers heat further you can get lignin flow as you pass the “lignin glass transition temperature”. If you look at pellets with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) you can see the different forms of binding. The hish silica in rice husks may make this difficult. We have seen blends of rice husks and eucalyptus bark. That combination desifies well but the potassium in the bark can react with the silica in the hull to cause clinkers when it is burned. 

 

Electricity is often another deterrent to densification. It takes about 50 kWh of electricity to bind a ton of  biomass. Electricity for densification can be quite expensive in some areas.    

 

Tom

 

 

From: Stoves <stoves-bounces at lists.bioenergylists.org> On Behalf Of Julien Winter
Sent: Sunday, January 13, 2019 5:16 AM
To: Discussion of biomass cooking stoves <stoves at lists.bioenergylists.org>
Subject: [Stoves] Blue flame of TLUD-FA with rice hull fuel

 

Hi Paul;

 

It is clear that the mineral content of rice hulls is high, and mostly SiO.   There will be variation in ash content according to genotypes, and growing conditions (soil, weather, fertilizer, etc.)

 

The high SiO content in rice hulls and straw makes this biomass very tough and abrasive for making compressed fuel.  I suspect that is why we don't see rice hull pellets.

 

In SE Asia, screw presses are used to make briquettes.  Because the rice hulls are abrasive, the screws have only 20 hours operating life, before they have to go to a welding shop and rebuilt.

 

You can find a playlist of videos of screw press machines on the "Biochar Bangladesh" YouTube Channel.

 

The briquettes are broken up when used in a TLUD.  The best person to ask about how they burn is Mahbubul Islam.

 

Below are a few references on compressed fuels from rice residues.

 

I am not working in this area at the moment.

 

Cheers,

Julien.

 

 

COMPRESSED FUEL

 

Ahiduzzaman, M.   2007 Rice husk energy technologies in Bangladesh.   In: Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Invited Overview No. 1. Vol. IX. January, 2007.  10 p.   

 

Ahiduzzaman, M; Islam, AKMS.  2009 Environmental impact of rice husk briquette fuel use in Bangladesh: A case study of Mymensingh.  In Developments in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), 2009 1st International Conference on the (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

 

Ahiduzzaman, M; Islam, AKMS.   2011 Greenhouse gas emission and renewable energy sources for sustainable development in Bangladesh.   Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews  15: 4659-4666   DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.086  

 

Ahiduzzaman, M; Islam, AKMS.   2013 Development of biomass stove for heating up die barrel of rice husk briquette machine.   Procedia Engineering 56:777-781 

 

Alam MM; Islam; H; Hasan M; Siddique TA.   2011 A Study of Biomass Briquette in Bangladesh.   Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2011 (ICME2011) 18-20 December 2011, Dhaka, Bangladesh ICME11-RE-002 

 

Bhattacharya, S.C.; Leon, M. A.; Rahman, M. M.   2002 A study on improved biomass briquetting.   Energy for Sustainable Development   VI(2): 107-110       http://www.retsasia.ait.ac.th/Publications/ESD.pdf                                      

 

Bhattacharya, SC; Bhatia, R; Islam, MN; Shah, N. 1985 Densified biomass in Thailand: potential, status and problems. Biomass 8: 255-266                                          

 

Bhattacharya, SC; Sett, S; Shrestha, RM.   1989 State of the Art for Biomass Densification.   Energy Sources  11: 161-182   DOI: 10.1080/00908318908908952 

 

Chin, OC; Siddiqui, KM.   2000 Characteristics of some biomass briquettes prepared under modest die pressures.   Biomass & Bioenergy  18: 223-228   DOI: 10.1016/S0961-9534(99)00084-7                             

 

Chou, CS; Lin, SH; Peng, CC; Lu, WC.   2009 The optimum conditions for preparing solid fuel briquette of rice straw by a piston-mold process using the Taguchi method.   Fuel Processing Technology  90: 1041-1046   DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.007 

 

Grover PD; Mishra SK.   1996 Biomass Briquetting: Technology and Practices.   FAO Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia, Bangkok, Thailand.  Field Document No.46.  48 p.                                                           

 

Hassan, Md. Kamrul; Pelkonen, Paavo; Pappinen, Ari.   2014 Rural households' knowledge and perceptions of renewables with special attention on bioenergy resources development - Results from a field study in Bangladesh.   Applied Energy  136: 454-464 

 

Hu, JJ; Lei, TZ; Shen, SQ; Zhang, QG.   2013 Specific energy consumption regression and process parameters optimization in wet-briquetting of rice straw at normal temperature.   Bioresources 8: 663-675 

 

Matúš M; Križan P; Ondruška J; Šooš L.   2011 Analysis of tool geometry for screw extrusion machines.   J. Applied Mathematics 4:401-413 

 

Moral, MNA.   2005 Biomass densification: development of briquetting packages in Bangladesh.   Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia.  http://www.retsasia.ait.ac.th/

 

Moral, MNA; Shakya, GR; and Toan, PK. 2005 Technology Packages: Screw-press Briquetting Machines and Briquette-fired Stoves.   Bhattacharya, SC; Kumar S. (editors). Published by: Regional Energy Resources Information Center (RERIC), Energy Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand 76 p.

 

Ndindeng, SA; Mbassi, JEG; Mbacham, WF; Manful, J; Graham-Acquaah, S; Moreira, J; Dossou, J; Futakuchi, K.   2015 Quality optimization in briquettes made from rice milling by-products.   Energy for Sustainable Development 29: 24-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2015.09.003 

 

Rahaman, SA; Salam, PA.   2017 Characterization of cold densified rice straw briquettes and the potential use of sawdust as a binder.   Fuel Processing Technology 158: 9-19 

 

Singh, D; Kashyap, MM.   1985 Mechanical and combustion characteristics of paddy husk briquettes.   Agricultural Wastes 13: 189-196.  DOI: 10.1016/0141-4607(85)90033-2 

 

Wang, XT; Zhao, XT.   2014 The application of ceramic wear resistant materials in biomass briquetting Equipment.   Energy & Environment  25: 1003-1009 

 

Wang, Y; Sun, Y; Wu, K; Xia, XF.   2016 Optimal design for rice straw briquetting process based on experiments.   Proceedings of the Asme International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, 2016, Vol 2A,  Article Number: UNSP V02AT03A047 

 

Xia, XF; Sun, Y; Wu, K; Jiang, QH.   2014 Modeling of a straw ring-die briquetting process.   Bioresources  9: 6316-6328             

 

Xia, XF; Sun, Y; Wu, K; Jiang, QH.   2016 Optimization of a straw ring-die briquetting process combined analytic hierarchy process and grey correlation analysis method.   Fuel Processing Technology  152: 303-309  DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.06.018 

 

Yank, A.   2014 Low Pressure Densification of Rice Husk and Direct Combustion of  Biomass in Improved Cookstoves.   M.Sc. Thesis, McGill.  138 p. 

 

Yank, A; Ngadi, M; Kok, R.   2016 Physical properties of rice husk and bran briquettes under low pressure densification for rural applications.   Biomass & Bioenergy  84: 22-30  DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.09.015            

 

 

RICE STRAW

 

Acda, MN.   2016 Physical and chemical properties of fuel pellets from agricultural residues.   Philippine Agricultural Scientist  99: 283-287                            

 

Chakma, S; Ranjan, A; Choudhury, HA; Dikshit, PK; Moholkar, VS.   2016 Bioenergy from rice crop residues: role in developing economies.   Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy  18: 373-394 DOI: 10.1007/s10098-015-1051-5 

 

Chou, CS; Lin, SH; Lu, WC.  2009 Preparation and characterization of solid biomass fuel made from rice straw and rice bran.   Fuel Processing Technology  90: 980-987  DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.04.012    

 

Ewida, KT; El-Salmawy, H; Atta, NN; Mahmoud, MM.   2006 A sustainable approach to the recycling of rice straw through pelletization and controlled burning.   Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy  8: 188-197

 

Ishii, K; Furuichi, T.   2014 Influence of moisture content, particle size and forming temperature on productivity and quality of rice straw pellets.   Waste Management  34: 2621-2626 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.008 

 

Ishii, K; Furuichi, T; Fujiyama, A; Watanabe, S.   2016 Logistics cost analysis of rice straw pellets for feasible production capacity and spatial scale in heat utilization systems: A case study in Nanporo town, Hokkaido, Japan.   Biomass & Bioenergy  94: 155-166  DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.08.007             

 

Jenkins, BM; Bakker, RR; Wei, JB.   1996 On the properties of washed straw.   Biomass & Bioenergy   10: 177-200 DOI: 10.1016/0961-9534(95)00058-5 

 

Kargbo, FR; Xing, JJ; Zhang, YL.   2009 Pretreatment for energy use of rice straw: A review.   African Journal of Agricultural Research 4: 1560-1565

 

Lim, JS; Manan, ZA; Alwi, SRW; Hashim, H.   2012 A review on utilisation of biomass from rice industry as a source of renewable energy.   Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 16: 3084-3094 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.051 

 

Liu, XM; Liu, ZJ; Fei, BH; Cai, ZY; Jiang, ZH; Liu, XE.   2013 Comparative properties of bamboo and rice straw pellets.    Bioresources  8: 638-647 

 

Liu, ZJ; Liu, XE; Fei, BH; Jiang, ZH; Cai, ZY; Yu, Y.   2013 The properties of pellets from mixing bamboo and rice straw.   Renewable Energy  55: 1-5  DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.014 

Missagia, B; Guerrero, C; Narra, S; Sun, YL; Ay, P; Krautz, HJ.   2011 Physicomechanical properties of rice husk pellets for energy generation.   Energy & Fuels 25: 5786-5790 

 

Said, N; Bishara, T; Garcia-Maraver, A; Zamorano, M.   2013 Effect of water washing on the thermal behavior of rice straw.   Waste Management  33: 2250-2256  DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.019               

 

Said, N; Daiem, MMA; Garcia-Maraver, A; Zamorano, M.   2014 Reduction of ash sintering precursor components in rice straw by water washing.   Bioresources  9: 6756-6764 

 

Said, N; Abdel daiem, MM; Garcia-Maraver, A; Zamorano, M.   2015 Influence of densification parameters on quality properties of rice straw Pellets.   Fuel Processing Technology 138: 56-64  DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.05.011

 

Shone, CM; Jothi, TJS.   2016 Preparation of gasification feedstock from leafy biomass.   Environmental Science and Pollution Research  23: 9364-9372  DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5167-2

 

Yang, I; Kim, SH; Sagong, M; Han, GS.   2016 Fuel characteristics of agropellets fabricated with rice straw and husk.   Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering  33: 851-857  DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0210-z                

 

Yao, XW; Xu, KL; Liang, Y.   2016 Comparing the thermo-physical properties of rice husk and rice straw as feedstock for thermochemical conversion and characterization of their waste ashes from combustion.   Bioresources  11: 10549-10564  DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.4.10549-10564 

 

 

 

 




 

-- 

Julien Winter
Cobourg, ON, CANADA

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