[Stoves] Off-topic: Biomass power and charmaking

Mon Mar 4 02:37:30 CST 2019

Dear Crispin,
very interesting considerations and I completely agree with you. I would
like to add 1 more consideration/variable to be considered related to the
densification of fuel, which is QUALITY and USABILITY. This refers
especially to  (1) char-briquettes and (2) pellets.

1) One of the main characteristics which determines customers acceptance of
the char-briquettes is the robustness (resistance to break). They should
remain compact and not break/brittle when transported, handled and
especially while burning. This characteristic determines fundamentally the
customers' acceptance of the char-briquettes even if they are made from the
same raw material (same energy density). This means that if they are robust
enough (don't break) they will have a determined market value, while if
they are fragile they are practically worthless (can't compete with
traditional charcoal).

2) Pellets have a main disadvantage when compared to other biomass fuels:
they need a specific ad-hoc stove, which is generally not cheap and also
not always accepted by the end-user (user friendly, adapted to cooking
practices, etc.). Therefore, in my opinion, also in this case the energy
density does not provide a comprehensive (stand-alone) indicator with which
biomass fuels can be compared. Without the stove, pellets are virtually
also worthless.

Summarizing, fuels can be compared "economically" through their energy
density, comparing production and transportation costs. However, from the
"commercial" point of view, other criteria such as quality and usability
would need to be taken into consideration as well.

Greetings from Cambodia,
Carlo

*Note:* SGFE has changed it's name to "Khmer Green Charcoal Co., Ltd.".
Please update the related contact details, such as email and website, thank
you.
*_________________________*
*Carlo Figà Talamanca - CEO*
*Khmer Green Charcoal Co., Ltd. (KGC**)*
Phlove Lom, Phoum Russey, Sangkat Stueng Meanchey, Khan Meanchey,
Phnom Penh, CAMBODIA
T: +855-(0)97-8159256
E: carlo at kgc-cambodia.com <carloft at gmail.com>
W: www.kgc-cambodia.com <http://www.sgfe-cambodia.com/>

On Sun, Mar 3, 2019 at 8:01 PM Crispin Pemberton-Pigott <
crispinpigott at outlook.com> wrote:

> Dear Michael
>
> Your reply inspires the following:
>
> Should we classify charcoal briquettes made from ag-wastes as "densified
> fuels?
>
> The conversion of a low use, unused or useless byproduct into something
> saleable can be viewed from the perspective of economically viable
> portability, probably in terms of a "marketable radius" [km]. The radius
> for rice hull is X and the radius for charcoal briquettes is 5X, for
> example.
>
> What makes packaged energy portable is densification. Normally this is
> referred to as mass density but for practical purposes, or energy
> discussion, being more energy dense is also valuable: consider LPG v.s.
> ethanol.
>
> There is a discussion taking place off list between some of us here about
> the densification of coal fines (duff coal) which is piled in South Africa
> on an enormous scale, more than 200 m tons I suspect.  It is essentially
> free and is an environmental problem because it blows around, catches fire
> by itself and is ugly.
>
> By itself it is not a great fuel, even if briquetted because it has so
> much ash in it. So the proposal is to wash it using air and take the top
> one third and use that as fuel material, sizing it appropriately for a
> cooking or heating device.
>
> It would yield about 1,500 million GJ of energy. It becomes useful in
> terms of shipping it around if it could compete with run-of-mine sized and
> washed coal due to its "energy densification".
>
> The same applies in principles to ag-wastes. Physical densification is
> helpful because it makes "pellets" of an appropriate size (or could - many
> compressed wood products are inappropriately large).
>
> Looking at examples from China, there are two issues for the use of straws
> (ignoring mechanical issues which we presume will be resolved). They are 1)
> the transport radius to a "compression site" where the mass densification
> takes place (big electrical power required) and 2) the transport radius to
> a market - possibly the same farms or villages around the farms.
>
> The current distribution radius is a 150 kilometres. That is the economic
> limit with a subsidy from government of about $7 a ton as a biofuel.
>
> When the product is energy-densified the radius is enlarged considerably on
> the marketing side  because it is lighter per MJ and it is worth more to
> the end user (when storage volume is considered, for example).
>
> So there are in this approach two radii: the collection radius and the
> distribution radius with an autocorrelation (to borrow a word from
> statistics) between them. A higher selling price means a higher purchase
> price is possible.
>
> What is happening in Hebei Province,  which I described already, is the
> conversation by energy densification of field straw into char, and
> marketing it in other provinces. This is made economically possible by the
> energy densification. We note that it is in liquid form, but this doesn't
> undermine the analytical approach.
>
> If you set down the range of options available in terms of materials,
> quantities, distances, potential products, implementation hardware,
> subsidies available, if any, you could generate a menu of options for
> Thailand, India or anywhere else. With a spreadsheet you can add cells for
> transport, fuel and other local variables. The output would be scenarios
> for viable enterprises.
>
> At least one of the options would be the making of a bioenergy fuel for a
> well-suited stove.
>
> Regards
> Crispin
>
> P.S.  It is probably best to avoid making claims about extending lives
> through the mechanism of reducing the open burning of ag-wastes. That whole
> fraught exercise of claiming to be staving off the death dates of
> populations has too many logical and medical discontinuities to be
> believed. aDALY's are a low-logic densified form of B.S.
> *From:* d.michael.shafer at gmail.com
> *Sent:* March 2, 2019 11:31 PM
> *To:* ndesai at alum.mit.edu
> *Cc:* crispinpigott at outlook.com; schmidt at ithaka-institut.org;
> psanders at ilstu.edu; stoves at lists.bioenergylists.org
> *Subject:* Re: Off-topic: Biomass power and charmaking
>
> Nikhil,
>
> Thank you very much for this wide-ranging and, for all of your assertions
> to the contrary, extremely well informed answer to my rapidly knocked off
> comments.
>
> In general, it is clear that we belong to the same camp. I, too, believe
> that biomass power has an absolutely central role to play in dealing with
> the issue of the complete, productive, efficient and sustainable use of
> crop wastes (broadly defined). That said, we still have differences.
>
> First, the failure of the biomass projects in the Indian Punjab follow the
> same lines as the failure of biomass power in central Thailand: the initial
> dependence on rice husk. It is such great looking stuff. Looks cheap, easy
> to handle and abundant. Problem is that when you look closer, you see that
> it is already a marketed product (bricks, tiles, cheap pottery) and has a
> huge upside demand potential (especially in the cement industry). In
> Thailand, prices went from 200 b/tonne to 1,400 b/tonne and the power
> plants shut down.
>
> The trick is to find a true waste feedstock. This is where I come to rice
> and wheat straw. Just gets burned. No large volume, higher value uses in
> sight.
>
> By mobile, for power plants, I am thinking less that the power can get
> shipped around, than that the plants themselves are so small. A 1 MW
> gassifier plant that will eat 17,000 tonnes of straw a year has the foot
> print of a house. It not only produces enough power for thousands of
> households - cutting grid costs - but it provides masses of waste heat that
> can be used as such or converted into cold to support small industrial
> estates that provide new local labor.
>
> As for the truly small, for all of India's rapid growth, hundreds of
> millions of people continue to live in deep, rural areas and to cook on
> charcoal or wood. This means that there exists a huge potential market for
> biochar briquettes. These can be made easily and efficiently from straw,
> maize stalk, etc. at the village level and are quite profitable when
> compared to the alternatives. (Were the government ever to give up on its
> tireless and both immensely costly and destructive policy of
> super-subsidizing synthetic fertilizers, biochar soil amendments could
> restore millions of ha of degraded agricultural land.
>
> But all this said, thank you very much for the observations about the
> politics of air pollution in the Indian Punjab. I cannot imagine that it is
> much less a problem across the border. And whatever the mix of pollutants,
> there is no question that decreasing the ag fire generated amount of PM2.5
> in the air will save lots of lives and improve labor productivity enough to
> affect the GDP.
>
> M
>
>
>
> Michael Shafer
> www.warmheartworldwide.org
> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmheartworldwide.org&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830253800&sdata=XIWVh0rwBLxuubkeLKbO1HGVbLXjeuU7RI6JsA%2FBNdU%3D&reserved=0>
> www.twitter.com/warmheartorg
> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twitter.com%2Fwarmheartorg&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830263799&sdata=PX2EZbJ7D8o%2Bet0GcEaTGiua%2F0tAVGAsBy03cei%2BiN0%3D&reserved=0>
> http://www.facebook.com/warmheartworldwide
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>
>
> On Sun, Mar 3, 2019 at 3:01 AM Nikhil Desai <ndesai at alum.mit.edu> wrote:
>
>> Michael:
>>
>> This is the second part of my reply from the earlier thread that started
>> outside the Stoves list. Again, you gave me an opportunity to look up
>> something and validate my suspicions.
>>
>> 2. l haven't looked at the brick kiln fuel markets in India in a
>> systematic manner. The Punjab story I mentioned is from personal
>> experience. Not only had I met the developer in a flight from Nairobi once,
>> Liz Bates or someone else from Boiling Point sent me a paper - around
>> 2006/7 - for peer review. The paper pointed out that compared to the
>> earlier situation where biomass power projects could pick up rice husk (I
>> believe) for free at the farm gate, now they had to pay, wherefore the
>> feed-in tariff should be revised upwards from Rs 6/kWh (at the time around
>> 15 USc/kWh). If I remember correctly, I found no problem with the paper's
>> methods but disagreed with the policy conclusion.
>>
>> It is not just that biomass power is mobile - transmittable; so is
>> biomass waste, properly compacted and free from rain risk. What matters is
>> the netback value at farm gate of the price this fuel or fodder can fetch.
>>
>> What I think has happened in some parts of India is that there are better
>> roads and that tractors are available cheaply for off-season rental. So a
>> tractor can deliver crop waste where coal and wood are higher cost.
>>
>> I visited one such brick kiln in a rural area on the road from Goa to
>> Kolhapur once. around January 2011. No big city close by, but enough new
>> construction in villages and towns. The brick kiln used a mixture of local
>> agro wastes supplemented by local tree wastes and trucked in agro wastes. I
>> took down the numbers but lost them.
>>
>> Several times since then I have seen bales of hay being trucked on the
>> highway to arid regions of north Gujarat where dairy cattle population has
>> grown because of milk support prices but there isn't enough fodder.
>>
>> I am happy to see you are planning something for Pakistan Punjab. I will
>> try to gather information on feed-in tariffs and brick kiln fuel prices on
>> the Indian side and pass on to you. My personal bias is in favor of biomass
>> electricity generation and then use of electricity for induction cooking --
>> depending on the context, of course. I agree with you, " if there are, in
>> fact, generous feed-in rates for biomass power, we ought to see multiple,
>> biomass power plants outside of the radius of economically viable brick
>> production where wheat straw is still largely burned. If we go not, then
>> the barriers to biomass power lie elsewhere, not in the cost of
>> feedstock. " In fact, I would push for penalties for direct burning.
>>
>> There is a political and modeling issue here as well. I am not convinced
>> that short-term smoke from biomass open burning has the same health damage
>> as from the ozone and NMVOC pollution in India's National Capital Region,
>> say. I know Kirk Smith would argue otherwise, based on this PM2.5
>> equitoxicity assumption and GBD models; frankly, I don't give a damn. Agro
>> waste is but one of the sources, and its emissions are likely to be
>> specific to the chemistry of the burnt material. Enough for now. I am
>> somewhat familiar with urban air source apportionment studies in India.
>>
>> There is probably also the politics of individual states and the central
>> government. Delhi is almost a state but not fully. Like DC here, Delhi
>> government is in the hands of a party in opposition to the party in the
>> central government. Surrounding areas of Delhi have state governments in
>> charge of three different parties. We have ignorant fools in Delhi High
>> Court calling farm smoke as an act of "genocide", though air pollution and
>> agro waste treatment are entirely state and city level subjects, and I
>> don't think the central government Ministry of Environment and Forests or
>> the Central Pollution Control Board have jurisdiction over farms.
>>
>> "Free biomass" is the practical counterpart to the zealotry of "renewable
>> biomass". There is no free salad, nor free carrot/onion peels.
>>
>> I thought Husk Power faltered precisely for that reason -  loss of free
>> crop waste - but it seems they made a comeback. See
>> https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/entrepreneurship/generating-electricity-for-millions-husk-power-bolsters-modis-dream-of-power-to-all/articleshow/68213635.cms
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fsmall-biz%2Fentrepreneurship%2Fgenerating-electricity-for-millions-husk-power-bolsters-modis-dream-of-power-to-all%2Farticleshow%2F68213635.cms&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830283815&sdata=ilImKGora8ffhZzas18wOgqrCHbSBVTuylTL46gIILA%3D&reserved=0>
>> and
>> https://www.thebetterindia.com/155140/husk-power-system-renewable-energy-investment/
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebetterindia.com%2F155140%2Fhusk-power-system-renewable-energy-investment%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830293838&sdata=im9OJKtpXpsEDc3beLs6lgApTKcoAtbiTTyZBrc%2FGjY%3D&reserved=0>
>> .
>>
>> From the look of it, it seems they have combined solar PV with biomass
>> power, which I think is a superb idea if they have some daytime power
>> demand and the tariff is reasonably low. I did not at all like their
>> earlier business model.
>>
>> Important to note: " Another interesting thing that the company has been
>> doing with the waste generated from the gasification is to use the charred
>> rice husk to make incense sticks, also known as agarbatti. For every three
>> to four power units, they have an incense stick-making unit set which
>> employs local women. "
>>
>> That is not much, but it's probably because the demand for charcoal as a
>> fuel is much larger than can be served.
>>
>> I don't have the fuel price data for brick kilns but I imagine they vary
>> with those for coal and HFO. Here a couple of stories on a new "zig zag"
>> technology and subsidies:
>>
>>
>> https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/punjab-to-harp-on-better-aqi-subsidised-straw-management-equipment-as-sc-hears-plea-on-stubble-burning/articleshow/67093703.cms
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fludhiana%2Fpunjab-to-harp-on-better-aqi-subsidised-straw-management-equipment-as-sc-hears-plea-on-stubble-burning%2Farticleshow%2F67093703.cms&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830303831&sdata=694iknx4ZSUUpnvpLMGF8vLijSFTiMD8e%2FW6rrG3dz0%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>>
>>
>> https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/no-tech-upgrade-punjab-brick-kilns-operate-illegally/724466.html
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fno-tech-upgrade-punjab-brick-kilns-operate-illegally%2F724466.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830313843&sdata=w85llBZsfMo4kCAIHXnclI8FRmsSJTnkOPg6r7UN%2BOA%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>>
>> https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/work-at-brick-kilns-halted-for-four-months-in-punjab-prices-likely-to-shoot-up-3-lakh-workers-to-be-hit/story-5eChuYNj2H5Tw3CtLJkudP.html
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fpunjab%2Fwork-at-brick-kilns-halted-for-four-months-in-punjab-prices-likely-to-shoot-up-3-lakh-workers-to-be-hit%2Fstory-5eChuYNj2H5Tw3CtLJkudP.html&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830323848&sdata=87BNcyxxow%2FK%2F1cQdzRSKYcawnbAVRd1gOx02x%2BuCbI%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>>
>> https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/punjab-to-harp-on-better-aqi-subsidised-straw-management-equipment-as-sc-hears-plea-on-stubble-burning/articleshow/67093703.cms
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fludhiana%2Fpunjab-to-harp-on-better-aqi-subsidised-straw-management-equipment-as-sc-hears-plea-on-stubble-burning%2Farticleshow%2F67093703.cms&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830333865&sdata=pRAeXnmn5DCxUbeJJlru%2BPXJOvlIMZPJH3IEu9FadtM%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>> And I find it encouraging that India and Pakistan are emulating each
>> other not only in nuclear weapons fut also in kiln pollution management:
>>
>>
>> https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-climatechange-bricks/with-smog-season-looming-pakistan-shuts-polluting-brick-kilns-idUSKCN1MT0CI
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pakistan-climatechange-bricks%2Fwith-smog-season-looming-pakistan-shuts-polluting-brick-kilns-idUSKCN1MT0CI&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830343864&sdata=We%2FptjUzZnVm6dccCfV6lIYRcQ9doRoEL4d%2FfEh7dz0%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>> https://www.technologytimes.pk/zigzag-kiln-technology-emissions/
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologytimes.pk%2Fzigzag-kiln-technology-emissions%2F&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830353875&sdata=Rk11%2Fb9MlhfemmadRW%2F21GEgzCV7wX8YsjyKu42wdgA%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>>
>> http://ccacoalition.org/en/news/pakistan-moves-toward-environmentally-friendly-and-cost-effective-brick-kilns
>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fccacoalition.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpakistan-moves-toward-environmentally-friendly-and-cost-effective-brick-kilns&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830363880&sdata=QDDiy30bMgaECjafpsvmb8pNwGDUqG4Fbtmz9%2F09r7g%3D&reserved=0>
>>
>> I think the challenge is to find climate finance for both brick kilns as
>> well as charcoal kilns, using avoided NMVOCs and black carbon.
>>
>> Including from non-biomass solid fuels, but heck, no fighting with
>> ignorant folks.
>>
>> Nikhil
>>
>> PS: I am skeptical about " The issue, however, is that most places even
>> in India, biomass occurs in small, highly distributed amounts that defy
>> cost-effective collection and scale processing. This being the case,
>> millions of stoves or tens of thousands of trenches may be the only way to
>> go. "  How you can save the poor people TIME is more important than saving
>> the fuel. Individual household  cookstoves without regard to fuel will NOT
>> make any more difference than they have for the last 50 years. Whether the
>> minimum economic size is 10,000 stoves and can be multiplied 100 times, or
>> whether a combination of charmaking plant with gases used for commercial
>> cooking and heating and char for soil conditioning and household cooking at
>> 50,000 stoves as a minimum economic size --- these are questions of
>> contextual intelligence. We have wasted 50 years on technology, but we have
>> learned along the way and I hope that some breakthroughs are required on
>> the policy front to take the technology adaptation to the next step over
>> the last ten years. It is good that GACC is dead; now we need to kill WHO
>> and ISO nonsense. Or even bother with individual biomass cookstoves for the
>> poor. Define an economic geography and a business model and market
>> alternative policy and financing approaches to those who still care.
>>
>> There is an emerging market for bulk biomass wastes. Was always there,
>> but transport and skills didn't exist. Now there are roads and skills. I
>> remember a timber mill along the road from my grandfather's village to its
>> railway station - some 60 years ago. Timber waste was a ready fuel then and
>> sometimes taken to small industries nearby. I don't understand why we
>> always fuss with households as collectors and users of fuel. Perhaps we got
>> brainwashed by Kirk Smith in his defining cookstove pollution as the
>> household problem - I agree, but not his estimates of damage - and earlier
>> by all the "save the trees" greens. Trees are grown, crops are grown; there
>> is waste all around, solid and otherwise. I see no reason why charring
>> cannot revolutionize distributed fuel and technology markets. At least,
>> there is a technical potential if only we get away from household
>> coookstoves smoke and open the window to see who and what else is out
>> there.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> ------------------------
>> Nikhil Desai
>> (US +1) 202 568 5831 <+1)2025685831>
>> *Skype: nikhildesai888*
>>
>>
>> On Sat, Mar 2, 2019 at 2:07 AM d.michael.shafer at gmail.com <
>> d.michael.shafer at gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>>> My apologies to Nikhil for failing to know the backstory on the 20 v.
>>> 100 year GWP choice. My observation was meant as an entirely innocent
>>> observation about the actual practice in the field, not as a moral
>>> judgement about its rightness.
>>>
>>> On a more general basis, I am very interested by Nikhil's story about
>>> biomass and prices in the Indian Punjab. This is new information for me.
>>> Knowing the story of biomass power in Central Thailand as I do, I find this
>>> story compelling but also incomplete. It may be true that farm gate prices
>>> for straw have risen because of brick kilns, but approximately 20 million
>>> tonnes of wheat straw burn annually after the harvest. If this is the case,
>>> it is obvious that the brick kiln market is not clearing and price gouging
>>> by farmers cannot be the whole story.
>>>
>>> Here is what I don't understand. Bricks are heavy and low value. This
>>> suggests that they must be made relatively close to their end market.
>>> Biomass power, on the other hand, is far more "mobile" and its demand is
>>> very widespread. Together, these suggest that if there are, in fact,
>>> generous feed-in rates for biomass power, we ought to see multiple, biomass
>>> power plants outside of the radius of economically viable brick production
>>> where wheat straw is still largely burned. If we go not, then the barriers
>>> to biomass power lie elsewhere, not in the cost of feedstock.
>>>
>>> This is an important issue for me because I am about to begin work on an
>>> anti-smoke planning effort in the Pakistani Punjab. If there is a hidden
>>> factor that I completely do not see, I would like to be informed about it
>>> now. I can easily factor in the prospect of rising straw prices with new
>>> demand, but what else is lurking?
>>>
>>> To Nikhil's criticism about scale, the problem, I think, is more
>>> complex. It is absolutely true, as Nikhil argues, that in areas of huge
>>> biomass production where centralized processing and production are
>>> possible, "macro" solutions are necessary. (The Indian Punjab near major
>>> cities where immense farms prevail, for example.) The issue, however, is
>>> that most places even in India, biomass occurs in small, highly distributed
>>> amounts that defy cost-effective collection and scale processing. This
>>> being the case, millions of stoves or tens of thousands of trenches may be
>>> the only way to go.
>>>
>>> M
>>>
>>> Michael
>>>
>>> Michael Shafer
>>> www.warmheartworldwide.org
>>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmheartworldwide.org&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830373891&sdata=mW%2B1nrtX%2B63Bo%2ByD4AIeA6xND8zNIZgMh2gbYnPXyZE%3D&reserved=0>
>>> www.twitter.com/warmheartorg
>>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twitter.com%2Fwarmheartorg&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830383896&sdata=9VSA4oSu8lp0j7BX3qwLohY%2FnrJ0Emj%2FuiiceS32D%2Bo%3D&reserved=0>
>>> http://www.facebook.com/warmheartworldwide
>>> <https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwarmheartvideo&data=02%7C01%7C%7C454aa6b5b6354c16b2ac08d69f91165b%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636871842830393908&sdata=%2F67oM%2FygeiUn9jdTfSoPKdm43oRTY%2Bic2zUqLscKpic%3D&reserved=0>
>>>
>>>
>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> _______________________________________________
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